Research Outline: Effects of DV on Children

look into Outline Effects of DV on ChildrenThis dissertation leave behind examine the certainty for the claim that witnessing ho ingestion servant fierceness causes serious and lasting injure to children. As it would not be feasible to maneuver primary explore on this topic at the seekers current train of training, given the signifi ceaset honourable issues involved in make watering with children and families in this context, it will consist of an elongated small review of the literature on this topic. This body of evidence will be systematically reviewed to establish the current state of knowledge regarding The long suit of the link amid pic to national power and childrens Trauma symptoms learning Social carrying into action Internalising (eg. depression) Externalising (eg. aggression, disruptive behaviour) Academic per make waterance The existence of mediating or moderating factors de borderining the level of damage caused by witnessing domestic effect, includin g inclination Social support Genetic factors The preponderance of exposure to domestic violence in childhood.Preliminary review of the literatureThe prevalence of childhood exposure to domestic violenceIntimate partner violence is disturbingly commonalty in the UK an analysis of recent data gathered by the NHS for non-homogeneous purposes plunge a lifetime prevalence rate of some fuck of domestic violence of 13-31% among the general population of British women (Feder et al, 2009). In the US, dong et al found (2004) that 24% of respondents (n = 2,081) indicated that they had been exposed to domestic violence art object under the age of 18. These figures indicate that a lavishly proportion of children will, at at least some point, witness acts of violence between (most comm barely) their p arents or phencyclidine hydrochlorides in the home or an early(a) family setting. However, the usefulness of lifetime prevalence figures corresponding this in assessing the real impact of d omestic violence on children is rather questionable these results do not distinguish adequately between individuals who witnessed a single incident, or very infrequent mild violence, and those who were repeatedly exposed to serious violence. More detailed data is required to quotation the question of how common prolonged exposure really is.A upgrade problem with the analysis of data for the prevalence of childrens exposure to domestic violence is the high level of co-occurrence with other forms of maltreatment. A large US study (3,777 males and 4,411 females) found that 12.3% of men (n = 482) and 15.9% of women (n = 703 chi square of dissentence 15.9, p Witnessing parental aggression its effect on child development on that point is strong evidence that aggression and violence between the childs parents or caregivers house have serious negative matters even if the child is too green to understand in particular, it has been suggested, very reasonably, that domestic violence nega tively impacts the graphic symbol of maternal care as poor management of emotions and conflicts whitethorn alter from the couple relationship to the mother-infant one (eg. K seeknakumar Buehler, 2000). Indeed, women who are in violently inglorious relationships may even express more negative attributions virtually their unhatched child while pregnant (Theran, Levendosky, Bogat, and Huth-Bocks, 2005), creating the conditions for an stimulatedly distant parenting style which can lead to a poor attachment between mother and infant. Of quadruplet studies of children aged 3-6 reviewed by Wolfe et al (2003), all but one found moderate to strong effects on internalizing and externalizing symptoms as a consequence of witnessing domestic violence Levendosky et al. (2002) also found a significant level of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a similar population, and Bogat and her colleagues described clinically significant trauma symptoms in one-year-old infants exposed to family violence (2006). Interestingly, however, in a sample of 7865 British children aged 5-16, Meltzer and his colleagues found that Witnessing severe domestic violence almost tripled the likelihood of children having conduct disorder but was not respectively associated with emotional disorders (2009491). The picture is yet further complicated by the determination that at least some mothers who suffer domestic violence in fact appear to compensate for this in ways which increase their handiness to their children, showing heightened sensitivity and responsiveness (Letourneau, Fedick and Willms, 2007649).Domestic violence and adolescent outcomes attached the complexity of the picture of the effect of witnessing domestic violence (and of having a caregiver who is a victim or perpetrator of it) which has already emerged, it is to be anticipate that the impact of this form of maltreatment on the eventual outcomes of children who are bear on by it will also be far from easy to de termine. eminent levels of conduct disorder and other adjustment and attitudinal problems in the adolescent children of buffet women have been extensively described (Fantuzzo et al, 1991 Holden and Ritchie, 1991, and numerous later studies) these conduct problems have, however, bee n found to be amenable to interventions to improve mothers own support, and management of their children (eg. Jouriles et al, 2001). McFarlane and her colleagues found, worryingly, that in a sample of 330 children (including black, white and hispanic ethnicities), the mean internalizing behavior reach for boys 6-11as well as girls and boys 12-18of abused mothers were not significantly different from the clinical referral norms (2003202), suggesting that the impact of witnessing serious domestic violence is enough to lead to clinically significant symptoms including suicidality and self-harming behaviours in adolescents. This indicates that, although the mechanisms by which it causes such great damage are as yet unclear, witnessing domestic violence which is either serious or prolonged needs to be treated as a major(ip)(ip) traumatic incident in a childs life. However, the prevalence of exposure like this is so great that intervening in the vast majority of cases where harm is being caused would be impossible we are, furthermore, learning ever more about the factors which determine whether or not these experiences take a lasting toll, two(prenominal) biological and sociable.Domestic violence and the biology of traumaWhile only a small fraction of the children who suffer maltreatment are, as it were, rosy-cheeked enough only to witness domestic violence and not be subject to other forms of maltreatment, even in these cases evidence has been found that both hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system functioning were found to differ between children exposed to domestic violence and comparison children (Saltzman, Holden and Holahan, 2005), suggesting that exposure to this form of trauma has lasting biological as well as emotional consequences. While the exact effect of the kinds of changes which Saltzman and his colleagues found on later functioning is unknown, findings like this give cause for serious concern that exposure to domestic violence in early life may have consequences which take functional, particularly societal, impairments which are difficult (although not impossible) to overcome. They may, too, have long term health effects the prolonged effects of biological stress responses discovered in PTSD sufferers have been linked to a variety of serious chronic illnesses (Boscarino, 2008), suggesting that children who witness violence may be at risk of ill health long after their exposure itself has ended. Future investigate seems likely to confirm that the hypersensitivity to verbal conflict displayed by the one-year-old (ie. pre-verbal) infants studied by DeJonghe and her colleagues (2005) has a neural basis this high lev el of sensitivity may itself predispose individuals who were exposed to domestic violence as young children to displaying high levels of arousal in conflict situations, contributing to the emergence of aggression and conduct problems in later life.Rationale for undertaking this re appearIt is clear from the preliminary examination review of the literature which has been presented above that exposure to domestic violence is a serious child eudaimonia issue it affects a large progeny of children, is frequently combined with other forms of maltreatment, and has been shown to have long-term negative effects on both psychosocial functioning and, more tentatively, on physical health. As such there is an obvious rationale for assessing the current state of research into this topic there is now a large volume of work on this issue, although it has only been explored empirically since the 1980s, and new techniques such as the use of biomarkers and neuroimaging continue to add dramatically to our understanding of the risks and mechanisms of harm associated with witnessing domestic violence. Producing a broad systematic review of the aspects of this topic of greatest relevance to social policy and professional social work practice will service to inform responses to this grave threat to the wellbeing of thousands of children in the UK, and contribute to the readiness of effective responses to the challenges which family violence poses today.Outline research strategyAs has been mentioned above, the research strategy which will be adopted here is that of a critical review of the literature, based on a organise search of major journal databases. This strategy is the most appropriate one due in part to the challenges of conducting experimental or observational research in families where domestic violence occurs given the researchers lack of training in managing the care and welfare of vulnerable children and adults, a methodology of this kind would not be appropriate. As such, an approach which does not pose these ethical and practical problems has been adopted.A structured literature search methodology will be used to search the PUBMED, OVID and Web of Science databases the terms used will be selected in order to identify literature which deals primarily with exposure to violence without the copresence of other forms of maltreatment. Due to the broad scope of this review, a meta-analytic approach would not be appropriate where appropriate, meta-analyses of studies on this topic will be included, along with tidings of the individual studies included in them. Particular attention will be given to critical analysis of the effectiveness of the studies attempts to exclude the effect of throw variables, including exposure to other forms of maltreatment and verbal aggression in the home, social factors and other issues.