How sports affects people Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

How sports affects people - Essay Example It also contributes to civilization throughout the globe. For instance, sporting activities have dominated the current society. Thus, the reason people are engaging in the process to benefit themselves. Amongst professional sportspeople, the sporting activities are sources of income, whereas to others it is a pastime activity. According to Woods (127) sport is the common type of leisure activity that cuts across generations. This piece intends to inform the audience on the effects of sports to the masses. Engaging in sports of either kind has had both positive and negative benefits to various individuals. The activity is being associated with a healthy lifestyle; thus, many people in the society are being encouraged to engage in sports. In this case, the sporting activity can be either an indoor or an outdoor activity. Athletics is the most common sporting activity in the globe (Woods 179). Sport is a form of leisure activity enjoyed by the majority in the globe. It is a hobby to many individuals in the society since it propagates the charm to life (Prettyman & Brian 8). Children have benefited a lot from engaging in sporting activities since it is associated with brain development among teenagers and teamwork mentality that begins in childhood through to adulthood. The rating of pastime social activities indicate that people engaging in sports rank higher. Interestingly, sport has become an addiction to some. People are willing to do anything to explore the excitement that comes with sports. Watching sporting activities such as football motivates people with enthusiasm. According Kenney, Jack, Wilmore, David & Jack (1), the excitement that emanates from sports is useful. People learn to develop their personal goals that guide them in their lives. Therefore, it is important to discuss the effects of sports on the society and devise the best strategies of promoting sporting the activities for the benefit of all. Additionally,

Killing a whole family Essay Example for Free

Killing a whole family Essay Rodolfo again faces Eddies angry side, which asks him to get out of his house. But Rodolfo has nothing to do with him and is more concerned of the arrival of Marco, which could lead to sparks flying between his brother and Eddie. He calls out to Catherine to leave now, while Beatrice suggests to Eddie to leave the house and go somewhere else. But Eddie refuses to move as this was his house, and now Beatrice is totally fed up with his behaviour and asks him that why he hates Marco now. Eddie refers to the time when Marco called him a rat and claimed that he had killed his children, which he says caused such hatred. Now Rodolfo tries to make things better by apologizing from his brothers behalf and he takes all the troubles and brings up the comradeship. But Eddie still sticks with his claim that Marco stole his name and asks Rodolfo to tell him to give it back in front of the whole neighbourhood. Eddie feels that this explanation isnt enough, now Beatrice can no longer hold the truth. She knows what Eddie wants, and in front of everyone and the arriving Marco, she says you can never have her. Beatrice asks Eddie to bid farewell to his niece forever, and that truth is not as bad as blood. Catherine is shocked, Eddie I horrified and [clenching his fists] he denies having such thoughts and asks Beatrice what made her think like that. Marco now calls out for Eddie and Eddies attention is diverted as he steps out of the apartment to challenge Marco. Rodolfo pleads them to stop and tells Eddie that he would be killing a whole family. But nothing can stop Eddie now and he has a murderous look and with a bit of fake laugher puts forward things that they have done wrong. He says that he knows that Marco feels that what h did wasnt right and should apologize for taking his name away and accusing him for killing his children despite the fact that he put his roof over them and food in their mouths. He further provokes Marco by repeatedly calling him a liar and then they get physical as Eddie lunges at Marco. Marco strikes him in the neck and calls him a animal. Eddie goes down and when it seems Marco has full control of the situation, Eddie brings out a knife. Louis tries to stop Eddie, but Eddie is totally out of control and he lunges with his knife at Marco, who with a final cry of Anima-a-a-l!   grabs his arm and presses the blade into Eddie. Mike and Louis separate the pair, but time has run out for Eddie whose words to Beatrice were his last ever. Beatrice covers Eddie while people around are praying, lights shine on Alfieri who is in the crowd. So as the play has progressed, this dominant and generous hero of the play is made to seem like a selfish and rude villain, whos immense love, narrow minded nature and feelings of insecurity have led to him falling into his own trap of death. I do indeed think that Eddie was responsible for his own death, and it was bound to happen as soon as he had made the phone call which in my view was the hubris, the point of no return. But just like Alfieri, the audience does tend to feel sorry for this hard-working man, who despite having displayed his generosity, his life had to end in this manner. His selfishness and his flaw, which was his immense love, ate him up, and he was always very stubborn to his decisions and never took advice from either Alfieri or Beatrice. His deterioration was clear and could be monitored as he first felt honoured to welcome the Italian brothers, then when they he entered he asked them when they would leave and towards the end asked them to get out of their house. When Alfieri says at the end of the play, And yet it is better to settle for half, he is trying to send a message that despite the fact that Eddie displayed honest emotions through out, he still never compromised with everyone because of his narrow-minded beliefs and that eventually cost him his life.

Television and Fun :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A few decades ago television consisted of a small number of channels, today however there are more different channels than one can watch in a full day. Because a media company’s number one goal, like every other corporation, is to earn the largest profit possible, media companies use segmentation to target niche audiences. Moreover, fragmentation—the large increase in the number of channels—has also created niche audiences. So, what’s the big deal with fragmentation and audience segmentation? By creating niche audiences, both fragmentation and segmentation make advertisers’ jobs easier. For instance, if a company wants to advertise toys, then the company will buy airtime on the network Nickelodeon; since Nickelodeon has children’s programming. The creation of niche audiences produces certain social questions about free will and freedom of speech; because audience groups are created and constructed. The following paper wil l examine two cable networks, Comedy Central and Oxygen, to determine the effects of such programming.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First off, Oh! The Oxygen Network aired the film Whale Rider on the night of Monday, April 5, 2004. The following will be an analysis of the advertisements that were shown from nine to ten o’clock, and thus one can determine which audiences were targeted. Whale Rider is a film about a young Maori girl that wants to be the next leader of her tribe, but is at the same time shown resistance from her grandfather. Paikea, the young girl, wants to participate in the training sessions conducted by her grandfather; but her grandfather is old fashioned and doesn’t believe that a girl can become the chief. Paikea knows that she is destined to be the next chief and gets in trouble a number of times for her relentless attempts at trying to participate in the exercises. The movie has a subplot dealing with the relationship between Paikea and her father, but the film mainly revolves around Paikea’s struggle to prove herself worthy to her grandfather Koro. E ven though Paikea is much better than the boys at performing the ceremonial exercises, her grandfather is blinded by his prejudice. The film ends with a herd of whales being attracted to Paikea and getting stranded on the beach. Koro finally accepts Paikea’s destiny when she risks her life by riding on the back of a whale to direct them back to the ocean. The advertisements that were aired during the film included weight loss products—such

Pizza †Marketing Essay

2. Summary: a. Overall Score i. With this Competitive Profile Matrix, a couple of conclusions can be made. Firstly, when comparing Pizza Hut to its competitors, it can be seen that Pizza Hut had a higher score than Papa John’s but scored lower than Dominos. This shows that overall Pizza Hut is doing better than Papa John’s in terms of identifying strengths and working with weaknesses. When looking at Dominos, however, it shows that Dominos is a lot better at turning these success factors into strengths rather than weaknesses. b. Weights ii. When focusing on weights alone, however, some other conclusions can be drawn and also differ in outcomes when looking at the overall score. The most important things we identified in the pizza industry are product quality, price competitiveness, and advertising. As a group we weighted product quality and price equally with advertising being the second most important thing. For comparison, it can be seen that Domino’s takes the cake when dealing with product quality, price competitiveness, and advertising especially in the recent years as they have re-launched and revamped their entire recipe and product quality, advertising, marketing, and offering great pricing that are mostly the best deals around. They have owned up to the past disappointments and issues and have completely redone itself entirely for the consumers. By using quality ingredients and constructing their marketing to where the consumers drive their commercials and advertising they have definitely surpassed the other surviving pizza chains. Pizza Hut and Papa John’s comes in a close second to product quality as they are fresh and quality products. Pizza Hut ranks higher than Papa John’s for price competitiveness because as a group we see more Dominos and Pizza Hut deals versus seeing any type of Papa John’s coupons. Also, Papa John’s is priced fairly higher than either Pizza Hut or Dominos. Advertising, however, proves a minor weakness for Pizza Hut as very rarely do you see Pizza Hut commercials in comparison to Dominos and Pap Johns. c. Strengths iii. Pizza Hut is the leader in global expansion and correctly identifies its target market. The company will want to keep this apart of their strengths to keep up and always be a step ahead in these aspects. This will then ensure accessibility which is an important factor for generating revenues and thus creating a loyal customer base. d. Concerns iv. Some areas that Pizza Hut was rated lower than the other two competitors besides the ones addressed above is the organic foods factor. Many people want organic pizzas and the only chain coming close is Papa John’s which uses quality ingredients, some of which either local or organic. Although it does not seem like a huge deal in the present, eventually more and more consumers will be looking for this and have nowhere to turn but the company who falls close to the mark.

Explore the ways Shrek and the Practical Princess subvert Stereotypes!

Subvert means to go against something but conform means that it will fit in stereotypes. Stereotypes are things what other people expect to see for example, a stereotypical princess is pretty, has manners and waits for a handsome prince to come rescue her while modern woman have a job, they can look after themselves and are clever. Shrek and the practical princess subvert because they are both against stereotypes. The writer subverts the stereotypes because they wanted to show that modern people don’t have to wait for a handsome prince to come rescue them when they can stand up for yourself. Cinderella conforms original fairy tales, because it has the main features of a stereotypical princess and prince. This is because brave prince rescues the hopeless and beautiful Cinderella from her evil stepmother. The writer has done this to show that good people are always rescued at the end. In fairy tales such as Snow white, the handsome, riding prince comes saves the beautiful princess from dying. This reveals to the audience that, sometimes stereotypes can be right and it can help make the understanding of the movie more clearly. The movie ‘Shrek’ conforms stereotypes as well as subverting them because there is a fire breathing dragon in the story. This is because when Shrek the ogre was saving Princess Fiona, the dragon appeared and started breathing fire on them to stop them getting away. The writer had done this to show that dragons are a type of characters that is used for a dilemma when the prince is saving the princess. In fairy tales such as Rapunzel, there is a fire breathing dragon sitting beside the huge tower to prevent the prince from climbing up the princess’s hair and rescue her. This reveals to the audience that, the prince may have problems to save the princess for example slay the dragon first then rescue the princess. The story ‘Practical Princess’ conforms stereotypes as well as subverting them because the characters that are evil are ugly and the characters that are good are pretty. This is because Bedelia is really pretty and is good however Lord Quarp is a really fat and ugly which means he is evil. The writer has done this to show that ugly people means they are mean and evil and pretty people mean they are good. But the writer has also done this to make the audience sure of what type of characters they are and what side are they on. In fairy tales such as Cinderella, the princess is always the pretty and good one therefore her stepmother is the evil one and bosses the princess around. This reveals to the audience that sometimes stereotypes can be right about how you look will effect on people’s opinions. The movie ‘Shrek’ subverts stereotypes because Princess Fiona knows karate and also knows how to defeat someone. This is because Fiona was going to be taken away from Shrek by Lord Farquhar’s soldiers but Fiona didn’t want to be taken away so she used her karate to defeat all the soldiers. The writer had done this to show that you don’t have to wait for a prince to defeat them for you when you can stand up for yourself and use karate. In addition, the writer has done this to show some surprise and tense to the audience because it is not a stereotypical movie which people have already seen lots of times. In fairy tales, stereotypical princesses were to wait for a handsome prince to come rescue her. This reveals to the audience that you don’t have to wait for a prince to come rescue you because a modern woman can look after herself with karate. The story ‘Practical Princess’ subverts stereotypes because Prince Persian has a very long beard instead of Bedelia having long hair. When Bedelia got locked up in a tower by Lord Quarp because she refused to marry him, she found a prince fast asleep in the corner called Prince Persian. So, Prince Persian helped Bedelia get down the castle by climbing down his long beard. The writer had done this to show that boys can have long beards as well as girls having long hair. The writer has also done this to show some humour that boys can have really long beards that are the size of a castle. In fairy tales, such as Rapunzel princesses had really long hair for their brave prince to climb up the castle with. This reveals to the audience that, not only girls have long hair but boys can have long beards too. It also reveals, how long the princess or prince is been locked up in the castle by looking at how long their hair is. The movie ‘Shrek’ links with the ‘Practical Princess’ because Fiona and Bedelia were going to be taken away from greedy lords. Bedelia was going to be taken away from an evil lord called Lord Quarp so he could marry the princess and be the next King to take place on the throne. He could only do this when he marries a princess. However, Princess Fiona was going to be taken away by another evil, rich lord called Lord Farquhar and get married to her for the same purpose as Lord Quarp, to be king. The writer has done this to show that this world is home to many greedy and selfish people but also to show some tense to the audience that the princess is not going to marry a charming prince. In fairy tales such as Cinderella, there were no greedy lords, only wicked stepmothers. This reveals to the audience that, sometimes things might not go as planned and the princess might not marry the charming prince after all. It also reveals that sometimes stereotypes can be wrong. Altogether, I think Shrek and the practical princess subverts stereotypes of fairy tales such as Cinderella. This is because in the movie ‘Shrek’ Princess Fiona knows karate and how to look after herself. However in the story ‘Practical Princess’ Prince Persian had a long beard instead of Bedelia having long hair. The writers of these stories made it so successful that the viewer cannot help but to watch on. Also, the writer has made the story very clear but not that clear so that the viewer will know what happens next. They can just keep guessing ON!

Ed Mezvinsky, Father of the Groom - Urban Legends

Ed Mezvinsky, Father of the Groom - Urban Legends A forwarded email attributed to Cincinnati news reporter John Popovich claims that Marc Mezvinsky, Chelsea Clintons new husband, is the son of Edward Mezvinsky, a former Iowa Congressman who was convicted and sent to prison in the early 2000s for fraud. The forwarded email is correct. Description: Viral textCirculating since: August 2010Status: True (details below) Example Email contributed by James H., August 19, 2010: Subject: Birds of a featherFATHER OF THE GROOMBy: John PopovichBefore I came to Cincinnati, I was a news reporter at WOC in Davenport Iowa. I covered a lot of city council and a lot of political stuff. One of the guys I covered was Ed Mezvinsky, who was the Congressman from Iowas first district.Seemed like a pretty nice guy, but when he ditched his wife for a New York reporter, the Iowa voters ditched him.My most vivid memory is that he sat on the House Judiciary Committee that was deciding the fate of President Nixon.Anyway, years later, Fast Eddie got caught with his hand in the till. He cheated investors out of more than $10 million dollars. He went to prison for several years.This weekend, his son married Chelsea Clinton. Analysis True. On July 31, 2010, Chelsea Clinton, the daughter of former president and first lady Bill and Hillary Clinton, was married to Marc Mezvinsky, the son of a former Democratic Congressman, in a Rhinebeck, New York ceremony the press described as lavish. The father of the groom, Edward Ed Mezvinsky, who served four years in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1973 to 1977, indeed went on to serve five years in a federal penitentiary after being convicted of fraud in 2002. According to prosecutors, Mezvinsky crimes included repeatedly defrauding others by misusing attorney escrow accounts held in his name, engaging in schemes involving worthless checks deposited at banks, creating forged bank statements, using false financial statements, tax returns and accountants letters, and giving false testimony under oath. U.S. District Judge Stewart Dalzell ordered him to pay nearly $10 million in restitution to the victims of his scams. The former Congressman was contrite in an interview with the New York Post that took place in July 2010 just before the Clinton-Mezvinsky wedding. Im remorseful for what happened, he said. It was a terrible time, and I was punished for that. And I respect that and accept responsibility for what happened, and now Im trying to move on and am grateful I have the opportunity for that. For purposes of verification, I attempted to contact former Cincinnati newsman John Popovich, to whom the above text is attributed. I received no reply. Update: Chelsea Clinton and Marc Mezvinsky became parents with the birth of their first child, Charlotte Clinton Mezvinsky, on September 26, 2014. Sources and Further Reading Chelsea Clinton Marries Marc MezvinskyPeople, 31 July 2010 Chelsea Clintons Father in Law Lives Down Criminal PastNew York Post, 29 July  2010 Will Father of the Groom Be Welcome Figure at Chelsea Clintons Wedding?ABC News, 1 December 2009 Former Congressman Duped by Nigerian ScamsABC News, 8 December 2006 Mezvinsky Gets 6 Years for FraudPhiladelphia Inquirer, 10 January 2003 Last updated 06/22/15

Comparing Robert Frosts Poems The Road not Taken and A Question

Comparing Robert Frosts Poems The Road not Taken and A Question The two popular poems by Robert Frost – The Road not Taken and A Question – focus on experiences and hardships that a person should undergo before a decision is made. Although they rely on the problem of difficult choices, they are a number of differences in their viewpoints on philosophical conception of life. In particular, The Road not Taken focuses on the events that influenced the narrator’s choice and provided the rationale for his actions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing Robert Frost’s Poems: The Road not Taken and A Question specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In contrast, A Question deliberates on what has already been done. Specific attention requires the question about the value of death and life, as well as about the reflection on previous experience. Hence, the leading aspects and themes discussed in both poems are associated with the difficulties in decision-making, in fluence of life experience on the choices, and consequences of our actions. All these themes are represented from the viewpoint of the narrator who is concerned with the problems of being. The structure and size of the poems differ significantly. In particular, The Road not Taken is a four-stanza poem with five lines each. The rhythmic pattern is iambic tetrameter which coincides the ABAAB scheme. Rhymes are masculine and straight, except for the last line where the stress is put on the last syllable. A Question has only one stanza with four lines, but it also has iambic structure. Although the poems are from different collections, they indicate similar features in terms of themes, characters, and philosophical outlooks on life. Biographical features in both verses are explicitly illustrated. Although the author focuses on natural phenomena, most of subjects relate to the human feelings, experiences, and emotions. Description of life experience is, probably, at the core of all liter ary works introduced by Frost. According to Bloom, â€Å"Frost’s verse is often so apparently paraphrasable as to seem the prà ©cis for some short story: a domination of plot that takes up the slack seemingly left by an overly straightforward, honey, and blunt language† (87-88). Presence of metaphysical elements, as well as reflection on the sense of existence, is also associated with autobiographical features of Frost’ poetic work. Decision-making is, apparently, the prevailing theme in Frosts’ poem because both literary pieces focus on this issue. The problem is highlighted almost in similar figurative manner because Frost refers to the ideas of decision-making through representations of metaphorical comparisons. Thus, in the first poem, the author compares choices with paths in the forest: â€Å"Two roads diverged in a yellow wood/And sorry I could not travel both† (The Road not Taken 9). While interpreting this, the author assumes that an indi vidual cannot made two opposite decisions, just as it is impossible to take roads simultaneously. Similar to this poem, A Question also relies on metaphorical comparisons while deliberating on the matter of choice: â€Å"†¦tell me truly†¦if all the soul-and-body scars were too much to pay for the birth† (A Question 45). In the passage, the author compares â€Å"soul-and-body scares† with the consequences of the decisions that people made during their lives.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Influence of life experience on people’s choice is also brightly demonstrated in both verses, but at different angles. In particular, both poems refer to such feelings as regret and frustration while questioning the outcomes of the choices made. At the end of The Road not Taken, Frost makes use of the word â€Å"sign† to render his disappoi ntment with the decision he made in life: â€Å"I shall be telling this with a sigh/†¦I Two roads diverged in a wood and I – I took the one less traveled by† (9). At the same time, negative experience is interpreted in the second poem, in which the poet compares human knowledge with â€Å"soul-and-body scars† that should be paid off. With regard to these metaphorical interpretations, it should be assumed that both verses unveil the author’s viewpoint on the concept of life, in which experience defines the goals of human existence. It also creates understanding of what role free will and fate play on our lives. Consequences of our actions shape our future. Frost refers to human lives with irony because all our decisions are largely limited by the existence of choices in front of our paths. In the majority of cases, people are under the influence of circumstances that make them choose the path they go. Nevertheless, Frost constantly questions the inevi tability of the choices made and justifies the chosen solutions in life. At the same time, he thinks that people are not the only ones to blame in their searching. In particular, there are other supernatural powers that do not depend on circumstances created by humans. In both poems, external powers are represented, but in different capacities. In conclusion, Frost’ verses analyze the role of decision making in human lives, as well as how it is affected by personal wisdom and external circumstances. Although both novels relate to different epistemological dimensions, they discover such problems as the matter of choice, importance of life experience, and consequences of human actions. While investigating these topics, the emphasis has been placed on literary devices that the author employs, including metaphors and irony. Frost, Robert. â€Å"A Question†. A Witness Tree. Robert Frost. US: J. Cape. 1943. 45. Print. Frost, Robert. â€Å"The Road not Taken† Mountain Interval. Robert Frost. US: Henry Holt, 1916. 9. Print.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing Robert Frost’s Poems: The Road not Taken and A Question specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Bloom, Harold. Robert Frost. US: Infobase Publishing, 2003. Print.

Outstanding Ideas for a Subject Fair and Guidelines

Outstanding Ideas for a Subject Fair and Guidelines Science Fair Projects: What You Need to Know A science fair project is one of the most popular assignments to test what students have learned in the class. When completing such a task, you need to research the chosen problem, offer the best solutions and design a way to test offered ideas. Such experiments are quite popular in high schools, but they require more skills than just basic knowledge of the subject. Distinguishing features of such assignments are originality, research and analytical skills. Your project should also be relevant to the latest technologies and inventions. It should contribute to the society and offer a solution to one of the modern problems. The best ideas for your science fair project There are many ideas, which will help you to get started. They differ depending on your academic level because you need to understand the discussed topic freely. Below you will find lists of great ideas for your science fair project depending on the grade and subjects. Elementary topics The following ideas are designed for students of a 4th grade. They aim to show what you have learned during your 3rd and 4th grade, so don’t hesitate to choose the one, which suits you the most: How do seeds germinate; Soda carbonation; How soil erosion can be prevented; How Easter eggs are dyed; Is it possible to have a color-mixed crystal? Usage of hydrogel crystals in detecting humidity; Insulators and conductors; Factors, which cause dew; How soil erosion can be prevented? Various taste zones of our tongue. Middle school topics 8th grade students should be able to perform all the skills they have gained in the 5, 6, 7 and 8th grades. Here are some of the best topics: Can chewing gum make students smarter? Dependence on solar power on temperature; Influence of light on plants; How fabric softener influences different types of fabrics; Do we have a blind spot? Electromagnetic trains: how they work; How to power a radio, using solar power; How smell and taste interlink; Ways to clear up an oxidized coin; Impact of music on different biological species. Ideas for various subjects During high school students need to face multiple subjects and very often teachers simply ask them to invent the topic independently. We have some ideas for you! Chemistry Influence of acids on corrosion; How to turn milk to plastic; Homemade PH paper; Solution for soluble separation; How to identify chemical substances. Electronics and electricity Medical applications, which remind when you need to take pills; How to make a dimmer switch; Magnets to detect current; Brightness and current; Wire recording. Food science and cooking How to determine the content of iodine in salt; Does the level of sugar differ depending on fruit ripening? How much water dried beans absorb; How to choose the right pot; How to measure the sweetness of your meal. Microbiology Resistance of antibiotics; How to minimize bacteria, while cooking meat; Use of disinfectants. Power and energy How to turn oil to fuel; Energy of biomass; How to extract energy from the ocean? Usage of hydropower; Creating a solar oven on your own. How to choose the most suitable science fair project topic Once you get familiar with various ideas for your science fair, you need to decide which suits you the most. It can be very challenging not knowing where to start and what to do. That is why we offer you some tips to choose a perfect idea: Does the topic meet the teacher’s requirements? The chosen idea must fulfill all of the requirements, because you risk of being disqualified; Can you complete the project? The chosen topic must fit your skills. If you select a difficult idea you will need more time to complete it and will most likely have to turn for side assistance; Can you deliver it on time? Long-lasting projects may result in late delivery, which can influence your final grade. Choose a topic, which you can surely deliver before the deadline; Make sure you are able to provide all the tools and items, required by the experiment. If you have a limited budget, you won’t be able to conduct a science fair project, which requires expensive equipment.

Monitor and control Project Work Speech or Presentation

Monitor and control Project Work - Speech or Presentation Example The reasons that justify proper control and monitoring of projects and the inputs and outputs of a project that are managed are to be discussed. The Project Control Cycle is also explained during the presentation which ends with concluding remarks on the when, where and how of project monitoring and control. Reasons For Project Monitoring and Control Because it is not realistic that things will at all time progress in accordance to the laid down plan, project monitoring and control becomes necessary for all projects (Watt 9). This is so especially for large projects which are likely to face more changes, recommendations and requests during the process of implementation. Even if there are a lot of preparation and planning for a project, it is necessary to prepare for twists within the initial plan because this is bound to be experienced. More importantly, the monitoring and controlling projects are necessary because it enables the project manager to detect any alterations, changes or deviations from the initial plan of the project. Through this detection, the project manager is allowed to react to the deviation of the plan through proper decision making. The changes which are to be expected to the plan of a project include the human resource, materials, equipment, time, tasks, money and space. The people or expertise that is responsible for implementation of a project is likely to change in terms of motivation, creativity and overall performance. Therefore project monitoring becomes important because project managers are able to detect such changes and as a result employ ways in which the human resource can be motivated to be more creative, communicative and interactive. Through the motivation of the human resource, the project manager will promote the efficiency at which the completion of the project is to be achieved. Changes in equipment or machines include technological changes which may affect the speed at which the project is to be completed. Additionally, new equipment may be required to execute specific aspects of a project. This reflects changes in cost which must be anticipated by the project manager and dealt with due consideration of the cost benefit factors of the project. The time at which the project is to be completed may be extended (Maheshwari and Howard 15). Therefore project motoring and control is necessary to detect the changes and constraints in time and ensure that the deadlines of implementing the project do not deviate significantly from the time that was allocated for the project in the initial plan. Tasks are also likely to change in the course of the project. This will lead to change requests from the stakeholders of the projects. The requests for change include extension of space, change of equipment and increased compensation. This is a justification of project monitoring and control. It is argued that â€Å"the change requests are evaluated and approved or rejected in the Perform Integrated Change Control p rocess† (Mulcahy 122). It is necessary to screen a project through a procedural process to aid decision making for possible abandonment, pursuance, acceptance or rejection of the project proposal idea (Olawale and Ming 513). This is another significant justification for monitoring and co

Contribution of organizational learning to contemporary understandings Essay

Contribution of organizational learning to contemporary understandings of workplace practices - Essay Example Critics such as Sommerlad and Stern believe that the notion of learning within workplace has acquired saliency and visibility.This is primarily because as it connects at the stage of new thinking process. This thinking process is concerned on the process of learning about the modern enterprise, the alteration of nature work and new systems of knowledge. It is understood that the process of workplace practices is moving through the period of social, economic and political change. The prime purpose of the report is to present vivid explanation about the significance of organization learning towards understanding the workplace performs. Furthermore, examples are provided to illustrate the contribution of organization learning. The learning is viewed as interpretative device that cannot be divided amongst different scientific corrections and compartmentalized into different levels to create zones of inter-organization, organizational, group and individual learning processes. According to Gallacher and Reeve, the rapid advancement in technology and increase globalization has helped in the rise of skill and level of organizational workforce. The application of organizational learning process within workplace practices is viewed as flexible system of learning that enables employees working in an organization to engage in continuing professional development and consistent process of updating. In the world of globalization of acceleration of change, organization and approaching strategy are interconnected and execution of practical events is regarded as more effective activities. The idea of implementation of learning process within organization settings has been from the time of Industrial revolution. Since th e time of revolution, the crucial element of organizational operative process is training of employees in practical

Challenges of Knowledge Transfer in Organisations Literature review

Challenges of Knowledge Transfer in Organisations - Literature review Example This importance has given rise to the need of knowledge management techniques that organizations can implement, and can successfully manage the flow of knowledge in their organizations. There are various models about knowledge transfer. Two of the most famous models include Ikujiro Nonaka and Hirotaka Takeuchi’s SECI model and Boisot's I-Space model (Bratianu, 2010, p. 193). These two have many things in common. According to Nonako and Takeuchi’s SECI model, knowledge transfer in any organization takes place in four levels. This model divides knowledge into tacit knowledge or implied knowledge, and explicit or expressed knowledge. This models describes the relationship between these two types of knowledge through four stages i.e. socialization, externalisation, combination and internalization. Socialization is the first step that happens when an organization member comes under exposure to the stories or experiences through other employees. Apprenticeship proves to be a good example of this stage as the form of knowledge transfer is tacit to tacit. Next stage is of externalization, which happens when organization members convert tacit knowledge learned in the above stage into explicit knowledge. An example of this can include taking part into a project where all the team members contribute from their knowledge (Bratianu, 2010, p. 193). Combination is the third stage, which signifies the transfer of explicit to explicit knowledge. This happens when the knowledge externalised is combined with earlier knowledge and applied to a broader group or entity. Similarly, the last stage is internalization which signifies the transfer of explicit to tacit knowledge. This happens when the knowledge becomes an inseparable and integral part of an organizational member or members and they can readily transfer it onwards through socialization (Wickes, 2003, p. 5). This model suggests that these four stages happen in a cyclical form where one stage follows the other and it forms a spiral of knowledge. Moreover, this model also suggests that knowledge increases as the spirals increase and as it comes under the exposure of more and more organizational members. Another theory of knowledge management that is very similar to Nonako and Takeuchi’s model is Boisot's I-Space model. Boisot classifies knowledge present in any organization into three dimensions. First dimension is codified and un-codified knowledge. This is similar to SECI model’s tacit and explicit knowledge (Strach & Everett, 2006, p. 5). Codified knowledge is one that is easily transferred including financial data or any other thing that is properly documented. On the other hand, un-codified knowledge is one that is not properly documented and it is preserved only in the memories of organizational members or is part of an organization’s culture; therefore, it is implied. Examples of un-codified knowledge would include stories and experiences that are held with indi viduals. Another dimension of knowledge as suggested by Boisot includes abstract and concrete knowledge. This dimension is self explanatory. The third dimension of knowledge according to Boisot’s theory includes diffused and undiffused knowledge. Diffused knowledge refers to that knowledge that is open to all organizational member; whereas, undiffused knowledge is the one that is available to only a selected few e.g. to top management etc

Liberal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Liberal - Essay Example In establishing this argument, Mill explains that the contentious issue is the set of people’s actions towards interpersonal relationships and the forces that influences such actions. While liberty is a common element in liberalism and a person can undertake any act in his or her environment, such acts, whether of omission or of commission, must take into account legal, moral or social obligations that an individual owes to other members of the society. The main argument therefore identifies limitations to a person’s liberty as long as such liberty promises threats to other people’s welfare. The argument also justifies the regulations to control an individual’s exercise of personal liberty. It applies the moral utilitarian doctrine of ensuring good as a basis for necessity of such measures against an individual’s liberty (p. 17). The society’s power, whether legal or moral, over a person’s liberty also extend to actions at personal level. Consequently, an individual’s act may not be aimed at the society but liberty over such an act may still be controlled if the society or any other person apart from the individual actor may feel the act’s consequences. The external effect must however be first established before justifying infringement of the actor’s liberty. Similarly, a person may be compelled into an action, against personal will. An example is participation in a judicial process as a witness. Even though the subject is not a party to the case, his or her action has a direct effect on the privity parties to establish ground for infringement of personal liberty. Liberty is therefore a subject of macro environmental forces (p. 17- 19). Even though John’s period is closer to classical liberalism than modern liberalism, he should be classified as a modern liberal. This is primarily because of his ideas that correspond to the features of modern liberalism. His idea on liberty for example identifies a macro

Agriculture and the European Union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Agriculture and the European Union - Essay Example The European Union (EU) has undergone a great deal of renegotiations over the past several decades, indeed changing its own titles and formats until finally it resembled the EU of today; a European-wide economic organization focused on the homogenisation of the European economic state. The purpose of this supranationalism has been simply to increase trade throughout Europe and to facilitate this goal it has been the duty of EU government officials to closely monitor agricultural policies in member states. In 2004, the European enlargement agreement was drafted so that the organisation might have some framework from which to actually govern the growing EU, with member states reaching from Great Britain right into eastern Europe as ex-Soviet states bid for entry1. In terms of the established Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the EU, the enlargement has directly affected original EU members in that CAP subsidies arranged prior to the expansion were immediately lessened and a new level of standardisation was created as new countries gained access to EU funding and official economic policies. Because of the enlargement, EU nations are currently facing reforms in terms of trade prices, environmental agendas, animal welfare and the further industrialisation and eventual commercialisation of member states. How the EU deals with modernised agricultural policies will directly affect the stability of the EU in general and the position of its influence in world affairs. In terms of the CAP today, it seems that this nearly 60 year old agreement is failing when it comes to the best economic options for EU members.Negotiations have been happening for years to organise a European-wide marketplace, and so far the EU is the only large-scale organisation of this sort in the world. To enhance failing economies within the continent and ultimately to create a strong market that was viable on the world stage, European nations thought it in their best interests to band together and develop trade laws that would benefit each nation in the long run. This organisation meant the standardisation of various levels of economy so that prices could be stabilised and producers might receive the government aid needed to keep working. Jonsson and Elgstrom explain how the term 'multi-level governance' is used in terms of the EU to encompass the awkward arrangement of government officials and local policy2. Essentially, this multi-level government is exactly what the EU legislation is based upon and it's the largest economic organisation of its kind in the entire world. EU officiates must tend to supranational matters while still leaving an allowable measure of sovereignty to each member state in terms of national law and municipal issues. In terms of agriculture and human rights, however, ultimately the EU holds precedent over national level government if a committee or individual does approach it. It is the wish of the EU organisation that each of its member countries adhere strictly to trade and practical agreements in such a way that promotes equality between citizens and fair standards of living and economics for individuals and businesses throughout the realm. If a state is found to be acting in a manner not i n keeping with these principles of human rights, animal rights and safe practices then it faces sanctions by EU legislature. EU Enlargement Before 2002, the EU had a stable 15 members and it wanted more. In terms of membership, there was no shortage of interested nations, particularly in the eastern half of the continent, but officials realised that if they were to suddenly expand their numbers it would become necessary to share their current supranational income with poorer countries. Cowles and Smith explain that at the turn of the new millennium, it was expected of EU officiates to work towards two basic goals; monetary

Liberal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Liberal - Essay Example In establishing this argument, Mill explains that the contentious issue is the set of people’s actions towards interpersonal relationships and the forces that influences such actions. While liberty is a common element in liberalism and a person can undertake any act in his or her environment, such acts, whether of omission or of commission, must take into account legal, moral or social obligations that an individual owes to other members of the society. The main argument therefore identifies limitations to a person’s liberty as long as such liberty promises threats to other people’s welfare. The argument also justifies the regulations to control an individual’s exercise of personal liberty. It applies the moral utilitarian doctrine of ensuring good as a basis for necessity of such measures against an individual’s liberty (p. 17). The society’s power, whether legal or moral, over a person’s liberty also extend to actions at personal level. Consequently, an individual’s act may not be aimed at the society but liberty over such an act may still be controlled if the society or any other person apart from the individual actor may feel the act’s consequences. The external effect must however be first established before justifying infringement of the actor’s liberty. Similarly, a person may be compelled into an action, against personal will. An example is participation in a judicial process as a witness. Even though the subject is not a party to the case, his or her action has a direct effect on the privity parties to establish ground for infringement of personal liberty. Liberty is therefore a subject of macro environmental forces (p. 17- 19). Even though John’s period is closer to classical liberalism than modern liberalism, he should be classified as a modern liberal. This is primarily because of his ideas that correspond to the features of modern liberalism. His idea on liberty for example identifies a macro

Outline the historical origins of neo-conservatism and critically Essay

Outline the historical origins of neo-conservatism and critically assess its key themes - Essay Example Neoconservatives originally approached this standpoint from the left political wing, particularly in reponse to main changes in modernhistory of the United States. The majority of predecessors of neoconservativism were liberals or socialists who actively supported theWorld War II, and whose views were influenced by the Depression-era concepts of ex-New Dealers, Trotskyism followers and trade unionists, especially those who supported the political study of Max Shachtman. â€Å"A number of future neoconservatives such as Jeane Kirkpatrick and Ken Adelman were Shachtmanites in their youth, while others were later involved with Social Democrats USA. Most neoconservatives, however, including those who have been close to SDUSA, will strenuously deny, even contrary to evidence, that they were ever Shachtmanites† (Dean, 2004,p.65). Disagreement with Dà ©tente with the USSR and the ideas of New Left, who were against both Soviet and capitalist ideologies, which occurred as a reaction to the USSR’s break with Stalinism ideology in the middle of 1950s, led the Neoconservatives to break with ‘liberal consent’ established in postwar years. The ‘prototypical’ neoconservative intellectuals I.Kristol and N.Podhoretz were connected to with the magazine named ‘Commentary’, and their academic development is quite apparent in those publications of that period (Stelzer, 2004). Over the course of the 1950s and early 1960s the original neoconservatives rejected communism, but accepted socialism and supported Civil Rights Movement initiated by Martin Luter King, and integration. Whereas, at the beginning of its development, the ideas of neoconservatism became well-known among the followers of hardline Communists, usually Jewish immigrant families, who lived in great poverty and those who has now become famous neoconservative thinkers. â€Å"Many neoconservatives also came to despise the counterculture of the 1960s and what they felt was a

Gambling Essay Essay Example for Free

Gambling Essay Essay The difference between gambling and buying stocks of companies is that you are betting on the future of the company and you have records you can research. If something terrible happens to the country, like a natural disaster, stocks will go down. If the country does well, the stock market will most likely go up. The key to doing well in the stock market is to research the companies you are trying to buy stock in. If you just pick a couple random companies to invest your well-earned money in, it would be more like gambling. It is possible to lose a large sum of money buying stocks if a company that was once flourishing has something bad happen. For example, those who owned stock in BP were probably doing all right until they had a vessel drop hundreds of thousands of oil into the gulf. Gambling in a casino, on the other hand is completely different. The house always a edge, and even though the edge is slim it still makes it so that the house will always win in the long run. If you are gambling in Vegas you better be using money you are willing to lose. In conclusion, if you do your homework and research and choose your stock right, more likely than not you will be making money. One thing is for sure I would feel safer tying my money up in the stock market than at the blackjack table.

Kate ChopinsThe Story of an Hour and Guy de Maupassants The Necklace

Kate ChopinsThe Story of an Hour and Guy de Maupassants The Necklace In recent years, feminism has a profound impact not only on the familys sociology, but also on other areas of social cognition. Feminists now analyze the patriarchys origin a system of mens domination over women, both within families and in the broader context of other social institutions. Anthropological studies show that all sufficiently learned societies were patriarchal, although the extent and nature of mens domination in different societies differ significantly. However, in this paper, it is not important to dwell on the problem of the patriarchys ubiquity, but it is necessary to discuss the representation of gender roles and marriage in different works of literature. For the best understanding of the topic we are going to discuss two works of literature, such as Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour and Guy de Maupassants The Necklace. It is obvious that both literary works share a common theme, but they are different in their forms, style and content. Defining that exactly a wom an is a main heroine in The Story of an Hour and The Necklace it is possible to consider the statement from a female point of view: No female domination we want to have in literature. It is necessary not to separate a woman from the literary process, but exactly to find her place and designation in this process. It is important to fill the book and media not in female themes, but in the approval of the feminine world, kindness, mercy and tolerance. Analyzing two literary works in details we should think about their authors in general terms. First of all, we are going to talk about Kate Chopin as a prominent writer of her time. Describing Kate Chopin (1851-1904) as the writer we can say that her name was included in the canon of an American literature and The Story of an Hour is considered to be a feminist reading. At the turn of the XIX century we see a situation when a wave of an ideological movement for womens equality has led to a change in the concept of femininity, which inevitably required its interpretation. New Woman has become a major cultural phenomenon of the late Victorian literature. This is evidenced by the fact that in the period from 1883 to 1900, over one hundred novels were focused on the new woman. Although Kate Chopin is treated as a cult figure in an American feminist literature, in her diary notes she describes her current work on the new woman as the public fascination with hysterical, insincere and unhea lthy patterns of life that some British women have entered into vogue in the literature. As any distinctive artist, Kate Chopin originally conceptualized topical issues of own time. Therefore, it is extremely important to trace the originality of the authors interpretation of female themes in her works. Thinking about Guy de Maupassant (1850-1893) we know that he was a famous 20th-century French writer, and he also was known as one of the fathers of the contemporary short story. Fame came to de Maupassant in 1880 after the publication of his novel Doughnut, the first evidence of his artistic maturity. In general sense, de Maupassants stories and novels are characterized by their efficient denouement and economy of style. His numerous short stories are quite diverse in topics, tones (sad, gay, ironical, malicious etc.) and genre features. But most of them in the same way as novels combines the idea of ugliness of many forms of reality, brings a longing for beauty in human relations. De Maupassants unsurpassed skill as an artist was manifested in the fact that having an unusually sharp observation, the ability to select the brightest speaking facts, the ability to generalize and typify he was able to reveal big themes and make important social generalizations using own small novels as a field for a research. Using The Necklace as an example, we see that there is no lengthy description and extensive features in de Maupassants literature. The essence of a man, the idea of the works literature derived from actions of dramatis personae and behavior. The main thing for the writer is to choose proper circumstances, to portray a situation in which dramatis personae act. It is impossible to leave without attention the fact that a major role in the novels by de Maupassant plays a storyteller. Putting the narrator into operation is not a new technique invented by de Maupassant, but in de Maupassants literary works the narrator adds a lively character, helps to create the impression of the reliability of what is said. The composition of his novels is always very skilful. The main role often plays denouement that is always diverse, because de Maupassant constantly strives to ensure the intrigue for the reader, and sends the readers thoughts on the understanding of the ideological meaning of stories. Sometimes there is no denouement in the strict sense in de Maupassants novels and short stories. And The Necklace is such a kind of a story, because readers themselves should offer it. Continuing our discussion let us mention that The Necklace by de Maupassant is a short story-reasoning. From crude logic of a naked plot, claiming that it is dangerous to borrow someone elses expensive thing, de Maupassant leads the reader to the social and moral generalizations that are characteristic for realistic literature. The writer never imposes his views to the reader, he tries to be as objective as possible, hiding own personality in his narration. But his thoughts make the reader to think about life, and these arguments extend the plot of the novel to the level of social generalizations. Reading the story The Necklace by de Maupassant (1881), we see the place and role of a woman in those times from the first words: She was one of those pretty and charming girls born, as though fate had blundered over her, into a family of artisans. She had no marriage portion, no expectations, no means of getting known, understood, loved, and wedded by a man of wealth and distinction; and she let herself be married off to a little clerk in the Ministry of Education. In such a way, relationships between a man and a woman become visible immediately. Onega and Landa (1996) summarizing the plot stated that even though Mathilde is pretty and quite charming, she has none of the advantages of upper-class girls: a dowry, a distinguished family name, an entree into society, and all the little fineries that women covet. Consequently, she accepts a match made for her with a clerk, Monsieur Loisel, in the Department of Education. The young woman has no freedom in her actions and her place in soc iety was predetermined from the first days of her birth. She has married a man whom she never loved, but who was capable to take care of her. The story describes a situation when the above-mentioned Mathilde, wanting to shine at the ball, borrows a friends necklace. Early in the morning on the way home, she notices that the necklace disappeared. All searches were empty and she and her husband take a loan of thirty thousand francs to buy from a jeweler the same necklace and return it without explanation. In a result, the family forced to change own life and work off the debt, but at the end of the story we see that the necklace was false and ten years of life in poverty were unimportant. This story has no end, but it contains rethinkingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ What is the true value? Is a heavy, dreary life of honest perfect family, or a necklace, which during 10 years is considered to be a fake more valuable? Maybe another writer would made history with a necklace deliberately funny and comi c, but de Maupassant in this anecdotal case saw sad. He revealed an idea about the way how people should be happy and how it is unavailable possibility to be happy for the most part of population in his novel. In such a way gender roles and marriage is described in an interesting way in the story and the writer is convinced: in a world ruled by money, it is easy not only to destroy all the best, bright dreams of people, but to drain peoples spirit and souls, to form in their minds the false ideals; moreover, it is also very real and even easy to rob personal youth and beauty for the sake of something unimportant and false. In the hard world of material values, it is enough to find a fake trinket and become unhappy. Women and people with a fine psychic organization are unable to resist greed and envy and they heavier than others go through injustice of social order. Of course, it is indisputable that the writers skill was manifested in his ability to show in a single life situation broad social and moral problems of family and marriage. Comparing de Maupassants The Necklace to Chopins The Story of an Hour we see extremely another situation. The original interpretation of womens issues in the prose of Kate Chopin entailed important artistic innovations. Thus, communication nonverbal components receive a particular significance as a compensation for womens silence. According to Toth (1999), a parody of a literary clichà © and a variability of a plot serve as a special form of cultural stereotypes alienation. Chopins story begins with the words: Knowing that Mrs. Mallard was afflicted with a heart trouble, great care was taken to break to her as gently as possible the news of her husbands death. Thus, it shows us that in a gender relation the idea of female softness and elegance was associated with the bodys fragility and bodily weakness of women. According to Hoder-Salmon (1992) we see that likewise, her marriage exemplifies the status of women in the early twentieth century in that the woman is subject to the patria rchs powerful will bending hers. Although Brently had never looked save with love upon her, he disregarded Louises happiness: The lines [of her face] bespoke repression. So, a woman in marriage was like a bird in a cage. Observing the contemporary reality, it is possible to mention that disputes concerning a current status of a marriage and family with social scientists and in the mainstream press especially on the collapse of a marriage and sexual behavior often have no historical objectivity. In past centuries, break-ups of marriages were very common, but mostly due to the death of a spouse, and not as a result of divorce. This kind of divorce we see in our case and analyzing it Pontuale (1998) wrote that What becomes noticeable to Louise when she hears of Mr. Mallards death is a change in the prospect before her. Whereas before she had thought with a shudder that life might be long, she now saw . . . a long procession of years to come that would belong to her absolutely. And she opened and spread her arms out to them in welcome. We see how in minutes of great grief, the main heroine overcomes a woman obedience, renunciation of herself for the sake of the family, social conventions, religious dogmas. And in addition to this fact Chopin and Knights (2000) added that even natural landscape reflects the main characters new perspectives and opportunities: The trees were all aquiver with the new spring life, countless sparrows were twittering in the eaves, and patches of blue sky [were] showing here and there through the clouds after the storm of grief had spent itself. Instead of hear[ing] the story [of her husbands death] as many women have heard the same, with a paralysed inability to accept its significance, Louise is enlivened and motivated: Her pulses beat fast, and the coursing blood warmed and relaxed every inch of her body. It becomes obvious that she feels freedom, not from her husband, but from the existed rules, norms and dogmas. Summarizing The Story of an Hour we see that it tells us about the complex mechanisms of self-discovery. Because the main heroine feels a lot of different emotions during the last hour of her life when to replace the first reaction of genuine grief comes a strange feeling that she initially could not understand. Unexpectedly for herself in her soul appeared a sense of joy and happiness in an anticipation of life, free from someone elses diktat. Chopin (1894) wrote: Free! Body and soul free! she kept whispering. An hour later, when her husband returned home, who turned out to be far away from the crash site Mrs. Mallard dies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ as doctors ascertain of joy that kills. The last words in this context sound particularly ambiguous. Compositional contrast images, landscape sketches, the logic of artistic details, comparisons, epithets everything is subordinated to a common problem expressing the main ideas of the author. Comparing de Maupassants and Chopins representation of gender roles and marriage we see similar features, because Kate Chopin was influenced by Guy de Maupassants compositional art and also visible conciseness and accuracy of descriptions, attention to details, a subtle pattern of psychological truth and denouements mysteriousness. Contrasting Chopin to de Maupassant we see that an approachs specificity to an artistic understanding of a gender includes the fact that Chopins literary works sometimes explicitly, sometimes implicitly, focus attention on issues of self-realization of women, the ability of the heroines to understand own personality and own importance, both within the family and society. Thus, taking everything into account it is possible to come to a conclusion that both literary works share the common theme and both authors wanted to prove the fact that women strive not for the domination in society, but for own personality cognition and understanding of own role in life. In any case, a woman should stay a woman, and all poets and writers are right saying that exactly a woman is able to be kind, mercy, tolerant and make humanity better.

Socrates was a Wise and Harmless Man :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

Socrates and the Apology Some of the best sources of information about Socrates' philosophical views are the early dialogues of his student Plato, who tried to provide a faithful picture of the methods and teachings of the great master. The Apology is one of the many-recorded dialogues about Socrates. It is about how Socrates was arrested and charged with corrupting the youth, believing in no god(s) (Atheism) and for being a Sophist. He attended his trial and put up a good argument. I believe that Socrates was wrongfully accused and should not have been sentenced to death. Within the duration of this document, I will be discussing the charges laid against Socrates and how he attempted to refute the charges. One of the reasons why Socrates was arrested was because he was being accused of corrupting the minds of the students he taught. I personally feel that it is almost impossible for one person to corrupt the thoughts and feelings of a whole group of people. Improvement comes form a minority and corruption comes from the majority. Socrates is one man (minority) therefore it is less likely the youth have been corrupted by Socrates than by some larger group of people (educators, council members, jurymen etc...). Socrates was also put on trial for being an Atheist. In the argument Socrates has with Meletus, Socrates gets Meletus to admit that Socrates is Atheist and theist. Considering that both of these practices are totally incompatible, and Meletus admits to both of theses, maybe Meletus does not really understand what he is accusing Socrates of. I understand that back then; not believing in religion was considered a crime but to actually sentence someone to death for being different is totally uncalled for. Thirdly, because Socrates practiced making weak arguments strong (Sophist). Socrates was a traveling teacher and talked and challenged everyone he met. Socrates taught the art of persuasive speaking. He did not charge people money like most of the other Sophists did, but he did have similar beliefs as the Sophists. Sophists thought that our minds are cut off from reality and that we are stuck in our own opinions of what the world was like. Socrates believed that reason or nature could not tell us why the world is the way it appears. The Sophists' point of view is best summed up as this: we can never step out of the way things appear.

Half-Life of M&Ms Essay

Introduction Half-life is the time required for something to fall to half its initial value. The half-life of a radioactive element is the time it takes for half of its atoms to decay into something else. M&Ms were chosen because they all have the same m mark on the on one side. In this lab you will go through predicting and counting the number of remaining â€Å"mark-side up† candies that should help understand that rates of decay of unstable nuclei and how it can be measured; that the exact time that a certain nucleus will decay cannot be predicted; and that it takes a very large number of nuclei to find the rate of decay. Purpose To stimulate the transformation of a radioactive isotope with M&Ms over time and to graph the data and relate it to radioactive decay and half-lives. Materials and Safety Materials * 200 pieces of M&Ms (trademark only) * Shoe Box * Pen/Pencil * Paper Towel Safety- No safety precautions needed Procedure 1. Count out 200 M&Ms. Place all 200 candies in the shoe box with the letter facing up 2. Cover the box and shake it vigorously for 3 sec. This is 1 time interval. 3. Remove the lid and take out any atoms (candies) that have â€Å"decayed†, that is, that are now showing lettered sides down. Record on the data table the numbers of decayed and remaining atoms. 4. Replace the cover on the box, and shake for another 3-sec time interval. Record the number of â€Å"radioactive’ atoms remaining. 5. Keep repeating time interval trials until all atoms have decayed or you have reached 30 sec on the data table 6. Repeat the whole experiment a second time, and record all data. 7. Average the number of atoms left at each time interval from both trial. Make a graph of your data showing the average number of atoms remaining versus time Conclusion: 1. After how many time intervals (shakes) did one-half life of your atoms (candies) decay? Trial 1- 1 interval Trial 2- 1 interval 2. What is the half-life of your candies? 3 secs 3. If the half-life model decayed perfectly, how many atoms would be left after 12 sec? 12.5 4. If you increased the amount of atoms (candies), would the overall shape of the graph be altered? Maybe, the amount of M&Ms that are flipped over after shaking is always a gamble and you never know what you’re going to get Graph of the average number of atoms remaining versus time. Conclusion 8. After one shake, which is one time interval, almost half ouf our atoms decayed. 9. The half life of the cadies is three seconds. 10. If this experiment had been conducted perfectly, 12.5 atoms would be left. 11. No, overall the shape wouldn’t change it would may become a slight rounder or steeper but the dominate shape of the line would not change 12. The experiment did not work perfectly. The percentages came pretty close to 50%. Some were way off, but for the most part they were close to 50%. From 3 to 12 secs was the closet to 50% than the other time intervals. From 18 to 30 secs the percentage started to steer father from 50%. I believe this happened because the less amount of candies or atoms the less chance the atoms will decay.

Capital budgeting Essay

A – Capital budgeting is an analysis of potential additions to fixed assets, it is part of the long term decisions taken by the top management and involve large expenditures. The capital budgeting is very important to firm’s future. The difference between capital budgeting and individual’s investment decisions are in the estimation of cash flows, risk, and determination of the appropriate discount. B – The difference between interdependent and mutually exclusive projects is that the independent project’s cash flows are not affected by the acceptance of the other, although the mutually exclusive can be adversely impacted by the acceptance of the other. the difference between normal and no normal cash flow stream projects occurs in the signs since for the normal cash flows if the cost ( negative CF) followed by a series of positive cash flows will lead to one change of sign. On the other hand the non-normal project cash flows have two or more changes of sign C – 1 NPV: is the sum of all cash inflows and outflows of a project C – 2 – The rationale behind the NPV method is that it is equal to PV of inflows minus the cost which is the net gain in wealth. If the projects are mutually exclusive we will choose the project with the highest NPV and here in our case we will choose project S since it has a greater NPV compared to project S (19.98>18.79). If the projects are independent we will choose both. C – 3 The NPV will change if the WACC change; if the WACC increases the NPV will decrease on the other hand if the WACC decreases the NPV will increase. D – 1 Internal rate of return (IRR) is the discount rate that forces PV inflows equal to cost, and the NPV = 0. IRR using excel for project L: IRR 18.13% For project S: IRR 23.6% D – 2 A project IRR is the same as a bond’s YTM. The YTM on the bond would be  the IRR of the â€Å"bond† project. D – 3 If IRR > WACC, the project’s return exceeds its costs and there is some return left over to boost stockholders returns. If IRR > WACC, the project is accepted and if IRR < WACC, the project is reject. If projects are independent, we accept both of them, as both IRR > WACC. If projects are mutually exclusive, we accept the one with the highest IRR. D – 4 IRR do not depend on the WACC, so if the WACC changes, the IRR for both projects will remain the same. E – 1 Excel=NPV(rate,CF1:CFn) + CF 0 WACC NPV L NPV S 0% $50.00 $40.00 5% $33.05 $29.29 10% $18.78 $19.98 15% $6.67 $11.83 20% ($3.70) $4.63 Cross over rate is equal to 8.7%. CF Differences 0 -60 10 60 IRR = 8.7% E – 2 For independent projects, both IRR and NPV will lead to the same decision. If projects are mutually exclusive, there is a conflict between the IRR and the NPV. Since we said that NPV is the best method to use in case of conflict, project L will be selected based on this method. F – 1 The slope of the NPV profile depends entirely on the timing of the cash flows; long-term projects have excessive NPV profiles than short-term projects. We conclude that NPV profiles can cross in two situations, first when mutually exclusive projects differ in size: the smaller project frees up funds at t = 0 for investment. The higher the opportunity cost, the more valuable these funds, so a high WACC favors small projects, and second when the projects cash flows differ in terms of the timing pattern of their cash flows: the project with faster payback provides more CF in early years for reinvestment. If WACC is high, early CF especially good, NPVs > NPV L (projects studied in class). F – 2 The reinvestment rate assumptions: -NPV method assumes Cfs are reinvested at the WACC. -IRR method assumes CFs are reinvested at the IRR. -Assuming Cfs are reinvested at the opportunity cost of capital is more realistic, so NPV method is the best. NPV method should be used to choose between mutually exclusive projects. -Perhaps a hybrid of the IRR that assumes cost of capital reinvestment is needed. F – 3 Some projects will result in different IRR and NPV. The NPV will be selected to decide if the project is going to be accepted or not. We do not use the IRR first because it does not take into account changing discount rates, so it is j not adequate for longer-term projects with discount rates that are will probably vary. Second, the IRR ineffective is a project with a non-normal cash flow streams (mixture of positive and negative cash flows). G – 1 MIRR assumes reinvestment at the opportunity cost =WACC. MIRR also avoids the multiple IRR problem. G – 2 MIRR does not always lead to the same decision as NPV when mutually exclusive projects are being considered. In particular, small projects often have a higher MIRR, but a lower NPV, than larger projects. Thus, MIRR is not a perfect substitute for NPV, and NPV remains the single best decision rule. H – 1 Payback period is the number of years required to recover a project’s cost, or â€Å"how long does it take to get our money back?† H – 2 The payback period tells us when the project will break even in a cash flow sense. With a required payback of 2 years, Project S is acceptable, but Project L is not. Whether the two projects are independent or mutually exclusive makes no difference in this case. H – 3 Discounted payback is similar to payback except that discounted rather than raw cash flows are used. H – 4 Discounted payback still fails to consider cash flows after the payback period and it gives us no specific decision rule for acceptance. However, payback is not generally used as the primary decision tool. Rather, it is used as a rough measure of a project’s liquidity and riskiness. I – 1 2 3 CF -800000 5000000 -5000000 WACC 0,1 To find NPV we used excel: Excel: =NPV(rate,CF1:CFn)+CFO NPV (386 776,86 DT) Excel: =IRR(CF0:CFn,Rate) IRR 25% Excel: =MIRR(CF0:CFN,Rate) MIRR 5,6% 7

What is innovation, what influences whether new ideas emerge, and whether they are eventually successful?

Innovation is the introduction of something new. It could be a new idea, a new product, a new design, a new curriculum or a new method. The factors that influence new ideas to emerge are due to consumer wants and needs. People are always looking for ways and means to make life easier. The success of an innovation is usually based on consumer feedback and how user friendly the innovation is. Take for example the innovation of the telephone. The old design was quite bulky and they used the rotary dialing system. When the phone line was busy, you have to redial all the numbers. For an elderly person with finger arthritis, that is quite painful and difficult to do. For a very busy person, it takes a lot of time to dial again and again. Then, the push button telephone with the redial system innovation came. Calling a busy number became easier but if you are busy doing something with your hands. It’s quite difficult to keep dialing or talking on the phone and continues to work by using your shoulders or hands to prop or hold on to the earpiece. So, speakerphones were invented. First it came as an attachment to the phone unit but then it occupied a lot of space on the office table. So, another innovation came in the form of a telephone with built–in speaker. Then the intercom innovation came. Manufacturing plant personnel would find it quite difficult to talk to other personnel through phone. It would be expensive to have so many phone lines for each department within a compound. The intercom system was used so inter department communication would be easier. To having an intercom unit and a phone unit on the office table takes up a lot of space. So another innovation was made. Telephone units with built-in speakers and intercoms were made. Ideas keep coming as the need for new features to help ease communication problems arise. That is why from a rotary dial system, phone innovation has become cell phones with wi-fi and camera features with phonebook, organizer, radio, mp4 music player, alarm clock with world time converter and word document programs.

Vietnam war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Vietnam war - Essay Example Evidently, the issue has been viewed differently as the books that will be discussed highlight. Some authors attribute the American to poor decision-making, and lack of support from the congress. Notably, several factors fuelled the failure, as this paper will indicate. Howard Zinn bases his argument on the origin, the course, and the end of the Vietnam War. Zinn sees the Vietnamese as an experienced side that had waged successful wars against the French and the Japanese. In his book â€Å"A People’s History of the United States,† Howard Zinn clearly manifests that even though Americans had the best technology and military artillery during the Vietnam War, America was destined for failure. Before their involvement in the Vietnam War, the U.S government did not seek the opinions of the people whom they represented (Zinn 440). As a result of lack of cooperation between the U.S government with her citizens in the middle of the war with a determined and organized opponent led to the inevitable defeat to America. The American citizens played a central role in the Vietnam War. It is during the war in Vietnam that America saw the greatest antiwar movements. The work of Howard Zinn, Zinn views the war in Vietnam in terms of failure and success. On one hand, Howard Zinn asserts that the American government failed and it was a victory both to the nationalists in Vietnam as well as the American Citizens who were opposed to the involvement of the government of the United States in the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War was supposed to end in the victory of America, and the spread of American Policy and supremacy. It never came to be. The U.S government, instead, settled for peaceful dissolution of the war (443). By residing in peace to end the Vietnam War, Howard Zinn further argues that the U.S government was sugarcoating defeat by the revolutionary nationalists in Vietnam. An additional author who has sought to discuss the same

Dynamic Behaviours of Vehicle Tyres Dissertation

Dynamic Behaviours of Vehicle Tyres - Dissertation Example Nearly all forms of vehicles utilise tyres in order to interface engine energy with the road. Vehicles use tyres for a number of different purposes since vehicle tyres control a number of different driving characteristics. In the simplest terms, vehicle tyres are responsible directly for road traction, steering control, supporting the vehicle’s load and for braking control. In addition, vehicle tyres serve as an important part of the overall suspension by providing the initial cushion against shocks for vehicles travelling on the road. Modern vehicle tyres are constructed in a rather complicated fashion. The complication in construction arises from the need to deal with a number of different functions that vehicle tyres have to perform. The mechanical properties of any typical vehicle tyre tend to delineate the tyre’s particular behavioural characteristics in response to various kinds of inputs. Vehicle tyres are subject to a number of inputs including steering changes, torque from the vehicle’s engine, loading from the vehicle’s weight etc. These inputs tend to produce a number of varied outputs such as deflection in the vehicle tyre while rolling and other forces in the vertical and lateral directions. Most of the mechanical properties exhibited by vehicle tyres are closely related to each other and any changes in one property are sure to affect the others. For this reason, it is essential that research be carried out on how these characteristics and properties can be described and related to each other. A number of attempts have been done in order to develop a robust working vehicle tyres model that is able to satisfy all kinds of vehicular input. However, the current success of these models is limited given the fact that most models are only able to satisfactorily predict the outcome for one mode of vehicle tyre behaviour. Current research supports separate tyre behaviour models for rigid and non-rigid surfaces. The detailed cons truction of a vehicle tyre is presented in the figure shown below. Figure 1 - Components of a radial tyre sourced from (Karaytug, 2009) The figure above clearly depicts the construction of a typical vehicle tyre. The first layer is composed of a tread which is followed by a cap ply. The tread serves as the outermost surface of the tyre and is generally created out of specially vulcanised rubber in order to withstand various kinds of loads from the road surface. Generally in terms of the rubber involved in constructing a tyre, the tread rubber is the hardest. These sections are followed by the belt which serves as the sandwiching surface for the top surface of the vehicle tyre and its lower surface. The belt serves as a flexible interface between two harder sections of

Change Management of People and Technology in an ERP Implementation Case Study

Change Management of People and Technology in an ERP Implementation - Case Study Example PowerIT's has decided to acquire a 3rd-party modified off-the-shelf solution. The main reason behind the implementation of the 3rd-party modified off-the-shelf solution is the less effective system development skill of the PowerIT's internal IT department. In other words we can also say that PowerIT did not want to take the risk of such huge development. Therefore PowerIT has decided to acquire 3rd-party modified off-the-shelf solution (Edwards and Humphries). In the analysis of this system the case writers have declared the different areas of the system implementation with different ranks. For example the â€Å"Software Development Expertise† regarding the 3rd-party modified off-the-shelf solution is ranked as â€Å"HIGH†. This signifies that the system development firm that is going to develop the system is possessing high quality system developers; those are having extensive expertise in the system development. In this scenario the PowerIT lacks and not have such com petent experts and professional for such a huge development. In this case in-house-development of the system can be a failure. The case writers have ranked the second aspect of the 3rd-party modified off-the-shelf solution as â€Å"HIGH† that is about the â€Å"Application Domain Expertise†. In this scenario we can also have better expertise of the overall system development through the 3rd-party modified off-the-shelf solution.

Information tech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Information tech - Essay Example ed on the behavioral aspects of management accounting information, management accounting information is a necessity in business due to its capacity to change the financial position and performance of business. This has an impact on managers responsible for drawing business objectives since they are the major users of such information (Vitez 196). Depending on the level of information details available, business management decisions are based on good management information system and are only as good as how well and current information is provided. Fulfillment of business objectives is based on critical decisions, and not guesses work about elements such as budgets and costs. Through maintaining a good management accounting system, managers are able to spruce up their probability of making ideal business decisions. Even though information may not be the only key thing in business, it provides a real important component in decision making process (Vitez 198). Therefore providing inform ation improves the quality of decisions which result to actions that contribute to the fulfillment of the objectives of the business in the best way possible. In summary, providing management accounting information will not only improve the quality of business decision making, but also increase business efficiency, maximize profitability, simplify financial statement, control the cash flow of the business, increase financial reforms, reduce expenses, and solve problems and conflicts, and better financial reporting (Vitez

The movie Dead Poets Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The movie Dead Poets Society - Essay Example With his wit and wisdom, Keating inspires his students to pursue individual passions and make their lives matter. (Weir, whole film).This movie highlights four important aspect of social psychology, namely group influence, non-conformity, effects of culture on self-esteem and heroism from disobedience. With the careful and efficient incorporation of the said social psychology aspects, this movie has become one of the most highly rated educational movies. The theory behind group influence as a social construct is that a person's development- mood, behavior and outlook in life- is shaped by the norms and thinking of the groups in which he associates himself. A child who is immersed in a religious family generally tends to be a moralist while one who grew up with criminals tends to be one himself (Hewstone, 143) We can see this factor vividly at work in the film in two different conditions. The first is that of the influence of the school to the young minds of the children and the second is that of the influence of John Keating to the tendencies of his student. The school has always been regarded as a major setting for the personality development of a person. Not only do we learn the machinations of the world we live in, we are also instructed on the prim and proper ways of how to act, think and communicate. With regards to the first scenario, we see Welton Academy structuring its students as academic achievers and outstanding lawyers and doctors. To achieve this, they apply a curriculum devoid of any romantic (i.e. artistic) topics such as poetry and the arts. The school can therefore be seen as the group and its teachers as the influencing members. The students, immersed in such culture of high expectations and strict teaching, develop a preference for realistic ideas and shield one's self from romantic ones. It is apparent that the school leads them to the side of realism (i.e. fact based) rather than romanticism. This preferential system is exhibited by Richard Cameron's signing of the documents incriminating John Keating's who he perceives is going against what the school taught him. On the other hand, we see John Keating influencing the students by introducing them to poetry and the ar

Critical Review of the Literature of the role that Dietary Factors Play in Preventing Type 2 Diabetes Essay Example for Free

Critical Review of the Literature of the role that Dietary Factors Play in Preventing Type 2 Diabetes Essay Critical Review of the Literature of the role that Dietary Factors Play in Preventing Type 2 Diabetes’ Introduction Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a rapidly growing international public health issue. It has been reported that 285 million 20–79 year olds had the disease in 2010 worldwide and this is estimated to grow to 439 million by 2030. (19) T2D has been associated with a variety of other health problems such as cardiovascular disease, blindness and shortened life expectancy. (4,40) The prevalence of the disease is associated with obesity and overweight as well as a ‘Western’ dietary pattern and lack of exercise. (17) It has been reported that approximately 80% of people who develop T2D are obese or overweight prior to diagnosis.(8) Diabetes is a preventable disease, (19) with weight loss being identified as one of the most powerful interventions. (4) Diet and physical activity (PA) are effective interventions in attaining this (25) and have also been linked with reduction in risk independently. (40) The primary focus of this paper will look at diet and review the evidence on whether diet alone can help to prevent T2D. As a secondary theme it will also look at the evidence that diet can help to prevent the development of and help to control symptoms after T2D has been diagnosed. 8 papers will reviewed, (26-33) with a purpose of identifying some practical, evidence based dietary guidelines. Dietary guidelines are easier to follow when they indicate specific foods and patterns rather than nutrients and properties of foods and greater compliance can be achieved . (29,31) For this reason the studies reviewed focus on specific foods and diet styles rather than macronutrients and or micronutrients which do not translate into dietary guidelines as easily. Literature Search A literature review using the following databases was carried out; Pubmed, Web of Science, Embase, CINAHL, British Nursing Index and Medline. The following keywords were used in various combinations; Diet, prevention, food, T2D, interventions, dietary, fruit, vegetables, nutrition. Other resources such as ‘Google scholar’ and NHS Choices ‘behind the headlines’ were also utilised. Because T2D is an international issue, papers from around the world were considered. The criteria for inclusion was less than 10 years old, the intervention had to be a specific food group or diet style, measuring new incidents of T2D, or changes is symptoms associated with T2D and adults as the sample group. Diet as a tool to prevent T2D 6 Studies looked at whether diet can prevent T2D. Please refer to Table 1 for details of all the studies. Villegas et al (26) and Bazzano et al (27) looked at fruit, vegetable and fruit juices consumption and fruit and vegetable consumption respectively. Both of the studies used women only in their sample groups, limiting the generalizability of the findings to the wider population. (5) Dietary assessment was achieved through Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQ) in both studies. Villegas et al (26) provided evidence of their FFQ having been validated, (21) however reported using it only 3 times within a 4.6 year timeframe, questioning the accuracy of their collected data. Bazzano et al (27) data collection was retrospective in that the FFQ was designed in 1984 and followed up at 4 year intervals. The concern with such a dated questionnaire is that it has not accounted for different trends that have occurred over time, affecting the accuracy of the results. Villegas et al (26) confirmed incidence of T2D through subjects meeting the criteria set out by the American Diabetic Association.(2) Bazzano et al (27) used criteria set out by National Diabetes Data Group for all participants up to and including 1997.(16) The Criteria for participants after 1998 was set out by the American Diabetic Association. The reason for this was due to new criteria being published at this time. (2) The main difference being the plasma glucose reading changing from 7.8mmol/l or more to 7.0mmol/l or more. (9) The Criteria Set out by the World Health Organisation in 1985, (24) could have been used to confirm incidence of T2D in the Bazzano et al (27) study . It was published 1 year after baseline data was taken and would have resulted in a higher percentage of participants being diagnosed with the same criteria, increasing consistency and reliability in the results. Villegas et al (26) reported that a higher consumption of vegetables was associated with a reduced risk of T2D. Participants who had a higher vegetable intake were also less likely to smoke and have higher levels of PA, both factors that can reduce the risk of T2D questioning the causality of the reduction in risk. (4) Participants with a higher fruit intake were also less likely to smoke and have higher levels of PA. There was no association made between fruit intake and risk of T2D therefore it is possible to consider that confounders like PA and smoking may not have effected the level of risk to T2D in this study. Bazzano et al (27) reported an inverse association between whole fruit and green leafy vegetable intake. Women who had a higher intake of fruit and vegetables were older, less likely to smoke and more likely to have higher levels of PA. Fruit Juice was positively associated with incidence of T2D which could be due to high sugar content.. (22) Also participants who had the highest fruit juice intake had the lowest levels of PA which is associated with increased risk of T2D. (20)Salas-Salvado et al (28) and Martinez-Gonzalez et al (29) both studied the risk of T2D and adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet). A MedDiet is characterised by high consumption of fruit, vegetables, whole grains, olive oil, nuts, pulses, fish and reduced consumption of red and processed meats, high fat dairy refined gains and foods high in sugar and starch. (11) Salas-Salvado et al (28) compared adherence to a MedDiet supplemented with either olive oil or nuts with a low fat diet (control group). The supplemented items in the MedDiets were given to participants. Participants in the control group were given non dietary gifts to encourage adherence. There are concerns about the ethics of using incentives and gifts in research. (6)Within this study the use of gifts appears innocuous, the concern lies with how adherence to the diet is reliably measured. When participants are given vital ingredients, this will influence their dietary intake, making it difficult generalize the results. (13) The sample population in this study were older and had at least 3 risk factors relating to cardiovascular disease again making it more difficult to generalise results. Participants were given 7 goals, including;  increasing vegetable and fruit consumption, reducing red and processed meat and increasing the consumption of either olive oils or nuts. The control group were asked to reduce all types of fat. Results showed that participants in the MedDiet groups had a greater reduced risk of T2D. Risk was reduced by 51% in the olive oil group and 52% in the nut group. These findings are backed up by other studies. (38-39) Diabetes incidence was lower in those who attained ≠¥ 4 of the 7 goals. PA levels and changes in weight did not differ through all 3 groups, although the participants in the both the MedDiet groups were associated with higher levels of PA. This study was carried out on Spanish participants, who traditionally follow a MedDiet. The control group may have had a strong adherence to a MedDiet naturally, which could impact on the reliability of the results. Martinez-Gonzalez et al (29) used participants who were nurses and university graduates. Prevalence in T2D is associated with lower socioeconomic status, (1) so by using the participants from a higher socioeconomic group may bias the findings. (13) Participants were not excluded if they had Diabetes at baseline. Data was collected via FFQ which consisted of 136 items with 9 responses ranging from never to more than 6 times a day. Points were allocated to determine a score indicating level of adherence. Questions covered areas such as cooking methods, supplements and fats and oils. This FFQ goes into a lot of detail to obtain the most information it can about participants diets, increasing the validity of the data. However reliability is compromised as participants are asked to recall food intake from the previous year decreasing the accuracy of data collected. (5) The results indicated a significant reduction in risk of developing T2D in those who with strong adherence to the MedDiet after adjustment for age and sex. Participants with a score of ≠¥ 6 had an 83% reduction. Although participants in this group had the highest levels of physical activity, which is a known factor in decreasing the risk of T2D, they also had a higher baseline prevalence for increased risk factors for Diabetes such as age higher BMI and higher blood pressure. This adds weight to the findings the MedDiet can reduce the risk of developing T2D. Fung et al (30) and VanDam et al (31) looked at more generalised dietary  patterns. VanDam et al (31) used a 131 item FFQ specifying specific foods, portion sizes and frequency of intake. Over a space of 12 years data on food intake was collected 3 times. In order to make these results more reliable data collection should have occurred more frequently. The participants were all male health professionals making the sample group quite specific reducing the ability to generalise the findings to the wider population. (13) Foods were classified into groups based on nutritional profiles. Factor analysis was then applied in order to identify food patterns. Two dietary patterns were identified Prudent and Western. Prudent was characterised by high consumption of vegetables, fish and whole grains and Western by high consumption of red and processed meat, high-fat dairy and eggs. Men with higher Western patterns were younger, more likely to smoke and did less PA. Men with higher Prudent diet patterns were older less likely to smoke and engaged in more PA. The Prudent diet was associated with a modest reduction in risk in developing T2D with wholegrain foods having the highest inverse association. Fruit and vegetables were not considerably associated with reduced risk. The Western diet was associated with considerably higher risk of developing T2D. Processed meat, other processed foods and refined grains indicating the most significant association. This could indicate that cutting out specific foods could me more beneficial in reducing the risk of T2D than increasing intake of other foods. Fung et al (30) used participants from the Nurses Health Study which was established in 1976. This is the same study from which Bazzano et al (27) took their participants. The same FFQ was used in this study with baseline also being the 1984 FFQ as this was the expanded 116 item version. The information obtained was then used and classified in the same way as the VanDam et al (31) study producing the same Prudent and Western dietary patterns. The results from this study focus mainly on the Western diet pattern. Similarly to the men in the VanDam et al (31) study, women who scored high in the Western diet pattern were more likely to smoke. The results also mirrored that of the VanDam et al (31) study in that it reported an increased risk of developing T2D and a Western diet pattern. This study investigated the characteristics of the Western dietary pattern further and found positive associations between red and processed meats and  the development of T2D. This could also add weight to the previous comment that cutting out specific foods, such as red and processed meats could be more beneficial than adding other food groups in preventing T2D. A replica study using the same FFQ and Prudent and Western diet pattern and using a sample group that consisted of both men and women could add strength to the finds of both of these studies.(5) Diet as a tool in preventing the development of and giving greater control over the symptoms of T2D Elhayany et al (32) compared a low carbohydrate Mediterranean diet (LCM) a traditional Mediterranean diet (TM) and the 2003 American Diabetic Association diet (ADA) on health parameters. Glycemic control for people with T2D diagnosis was one of the outcome measures. Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 groups, given recommendations for daily intake on nutritional elements such as calories and protein and advised to engage in 30-45 minutes of PA a week. The LCM and TM diets included only low glycemic index carbohydrates, with LCM having a lower %. The TM and ADA diets had the same % of carbohydrates but the ADA also included mixed glycemic index carbohydrates. FFQ were used asking the participants to recall the last 24hour food intake. It is felt this data will be more accurate than those studies asking participants to recall food intake from the previous year, making results more reliable. Data was collected 3 times over a 12 month period. Results showed all groups had reduced weight and BMI with no significant difference. All 3 dietary interventions reduced factors that increase glycemic control such as HbA1c and triglyceride levels. The LCM diet was the most effective in increasing glycemic control. Esposito et al (33) compared a LCM and a low fat calorie restricted diet (LFD) on glycemic control and the delay on needing to commence antihyperglycemic medication in people newly diagnosed with T2D. The LCM diet was rich in fruit vegetables and whole grains and low in red meat. There was also a requirement that no more than 50% of calories was from  carbohydrates. Complex carbohydrates rather than low GI carbohydrates were stipulated. Some complex carbohydrates can have high GI levels, which are associated with increased risk of Diabetes. (10) The LFD was based on American Heart Association guidelines. (12) Participants were randomized into 1 of 2 groups asked to keep food diaries and given guidelines on increasing physical activity. Data was collected through reviews of the diary. Food diaries could provide more reliable information than FFQ if they are filled out daily. There is still a risk that they could be filled out inaccurately, and that participants may modifies their intake as a result of keeping a diary. The study reported that both groups lost weight, but reduction was greater in the LCM. Overall there was a significant difference in the need to commence antihyperglycemic medication between the LCM and the LFD; 44% and 70% respectively. Potentially this result could have shown more significance if low GI carbohydrates were stipulated instead of complex carbohydrates. Discussion The findings coming out of this review indicate that certain dietary interventions maybe helpful in reducing the risk of developing T2D and may also help with glycemic control after diagnosis.(26-33) Some food groups and dietary patterns provide more consistent evidence than others. The results regarding fruit intake and risk of T2D are inconsistent within this review with Villegas et al (26) reporting no association between fruit and risk reduction, where as Bazzano et al (27) did. High consumption of fruit and vegetables are a major component in the Mediterranean diet and the Prudent dietary pattern, both of which were associated with an inverse association. Vegetables are more consistently associated with a reduced risk, in this review and a recent meta-analysis, (3) particularly green leafy vegetables. (27) More research studying the effects of fruit and vegetables separately is needed. This inconsistency is reflected in other studies and systematic reviews. (7) High intake of fr uit and vegetables has often been associated with higher PA levels within this review, (26-29,31) which is a risk reducing factor in itself. Part of the problem could be that many studies that look at dietary interventions are prospective cohort studies and  although they can provide an association they can not prove whether the cause is due to the dietary item or another factor such as PA or weight loss. More experimental designed research is needed so that a direct cause between diet and the reduction of T2D can be established. (13) While it is unclear the exact role that fruit and vegetables play in reducing the risk of T2D there is an abundance of evidence that a diet rich in fruit and vegetables is beneficial in overall health (34-35) and weight reduction, (23) so including them as part of a healthy diet may indirectly help to reduce the risk of T2D. Red and processed meat has been more consistent in its positive association to developing T2D. Fung et al (28) and VanDam et al (29) found strong associations between consumption and increased risk of T2D. One of the characteristics of The Mediterranean diet is the absence or reduction of red and processed meats, and this diet has been associated with reduced risk. These findings were backed up in a recent meta-analysis paper (18) studying 3 cohorts whos conclusion suggests that red meat consumption, particularly processed red meat is linked to higher risk of developing T2D. Meta-analysis produces level 1 evidence, providing increased confidence in the conclusions and good grounding for providing evidence based information such as dietary guidelines.(13) Diets high in red and processed meats are linked to high cholesterol (14) which is one of the leading causes of death in people with T2D (15) and other serious health conditions such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. (36) So while increasing fruit and vegetable intake may have a more beneficial and holistic effect on health, the same could be said for reducing the intake of red and processed. Salas-Salvado et al (28) produced higher level evidence being a randomised control trial giving more weight to their findings;(5) following a MedDiet can reduce the risk of T2D. One of the studies that looked at the effect of diet after diagnosis, (32) was also a randomised control trial providing the same level of evidence and weight to their findings that LCM can delay the need for hyperglycaemic medication therefore having a positive beneficial effect on T2D. Although these two studies looked at the effect of diet after diagnosis it could be reasonable to suggest that following the dietary  patterns associated with these findings, prior to diagnosis could help prevent T2D as they are similar dietary patterns to two of the other studies.(28-29) While the findings from this review indicate that making changes to ones diet may help to reduce the risk of Diabetes occurring, it also suggests that implementing the same kind of dietary changes may help with glucose control after Diabetes has been diagnosed, preventing the further development of the disease and the need for antihyperglycemic medication. (32-33) One study has implied that dietary changes in the form of energy restriction can actually reverse beta cell failure and insulin resistance, symptoms found in T2D. (37) It is a very small study and the dietary intervention is severe energy restriction making it difficult to generalise to the wider population, but it is a controlled study and could provide interesting findings that further research could be built upon, that dietary interventions may be able to reverse the symptoms of T2D. Collating this information together it seems reasonable to suggest that making positive changes to dietary habits could have benefits pre and post T2D diagnosis. Dietary Guidelines The findings from the 8 studies in this review can not all be discussed in detail due to word limitation. However recurring themes seem to be occurring, providing information on which to base a set of guidelines. Going by these findings the following guidelines are recommended: Reduce intake of red meat and processed meat (all colours) Substitute these with white meats and fish Reduce intake of other processed foods Reduce intake of refined grains Reduce intake of high sugar foods and drinks including fruit juices Carbohydrate intake should be based on items with a low GI score Increase intake of olive oil Increase nut intake Increase intake of pulses Increase wholegrain intake Increase vegetable intake especially green leafy vegetables Increase fruit intake A Mediterranean style diet is characterised by much of this advise and is therefore a recommended diet style to follow. Conclusion The prevalence of T2D is growing around the world. It has been associated with many other health problems and reduces quality of life and life expectancy. It is a preventable disease and diet is one of the ways in which this disease can be combated. Dietary guidelines have been recommended from the findings of this review, based on following a Mediterranean diet, reducing intake of red and processed meats and other processed foods and increasing intake of foods such as fruit and vegetables, wholegrains and olive oils and nuts. While it has been acknowledged that more research needs to be carried out to further examine the cause and effect between diet and T2D, it is reasonable to suggest that one may find these dietary changes beneficial in helping to reduce the risk of T2D and other areas of health, possibly helping to indirectly reduce risk of T2D. It is also reasonable to suggest that a change in diet may bring beneficial changes once diagnosis has been given. Table 1 Reference list 1. Agardh E, Allenbeck P, Hallqvist J, Moadi T and Sidorchuk A. Type 2 Diabetes and Socioeconomic Position: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2011: 40(3) 804-818 2. 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