Information tech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Information tech - Essay Example ed on the behavioral aspects of management accounting information, management accounting information is a necessity in business due to its capacity to change the financial position and performance of business. This has an impact on managers responsible for drawing business objectives since they are the major users of such information (Vitez 196). Depending on the level of information details available, business management decisions are based on good management information system and are only as good as how well and current information is provided. Fulfillment of business objectives is based on critical decisions, and not guesses work about elements such as budgets and costs. Through maintaining a good management accounting system, managers are able to spruce up their probability of making ideal business decisions. Even though information may not be the only key thing in business, it provides a real important component in decision making process (Vitez 198). Therefore providing inform ation improves the quality of decisions which result to actions that contribute to the fulfillment of the objectives of the business in the best way possible. In summary, providing management accounting information will not only improve the quality of business decision making, but also increase business efficiency, maximize profitability, simplify financial statement, control the cash flow of the business, increase financial reforms, reduce expenses, and solve problems and conflicts, and better financial reporting (Vitez

The movie Dead Poets Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The movie Dead Poets Society - Essay Example With his wit and wisdom, Keating inspires his students to pursue individual passions and make their lives matter. (Weir, whole film).This movie highlights four important aspect of social psychology, namely group influence, non-conformity, effects of culture on self-esteem and heroism from disobedience. With the careful and efficient incorporation of the said social psychology aspects, this movie has become one of the most highly rated educational movies. The theory behind group influence as a social construct is that a person's development- mood, behavior and outlook in life- is shaped by the norms and thinking of the groups in which he associates himself. A child who is immersed in a religious family generally tends to be a moralist while one who grew up with criminals tends to be one himself (Hewstone, 143) We can see this factor vividly at work in the film in two different conditions. The first is that of the influence of the school to the young minds of the children and the second is that of the influence of John Keating to the tendencies of his student. The school has always been regarded as a major setting for the personality development of a person. Not only do we learn the machinations of the world we live in, we are also instructed on the prim and proper ways of how to act, think and communicate. With regards to the first scenario, we see Welton Academy structuring its students as academic achievers and outstanding lawyers and doctors. To achieve this, they apply a curriculum devoid of any romantic (i.e. artistic) topics such as poetry and the arts. The school can therefore be seen as the group and its teachers as the influencing members. The students, immersed in such culture of high expectations and strict teaching, develop a preference for realistic ideas and shield one's self from romantic ones. It is apparent that the school leads them to the side of realism (i.e. fact based) rather than romanticism. This preferential system is exhibited by Richard Cameron's signing of the documents incriminating John Keating's who he perceives is going against what the school taught him. On the other hand, we see John Keating influencing the students by introducing them to poetry and the ar

Critical Review of the Literature of the role that Dietary Factors Play in Preventing Type 2 Diabetes Essay Example for Free

Critical Review of the Literature of the role that Dietary Factors Play in Preventing Type 2 Diabetes Essay Critical Review of the Literature of the role that Dietary Factors Play in Preventing Type 2 Diabetes’ Introduction Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a rapidly growing international public health issue. It has been reported that 285 million 20–79 year olds had the disease in 2010 worldwide and this is estimated to grow to 439 million by 2030. (19) T2D has been associated with a variety of other health problems such as cardiovascular disease, blindness and shortened life expectancy. (4,40) The prevalence of the disease is associated with obesity and overweight as well as a ‘Western’ dietary pattern and lack of exercise. (17) It has been reported that approximately 80% of people who develop T2D are obese or overweight prior to diagnosis.(8) Diabetes is a preventable disease, (19) with weight loss being identified as one of the most powerful interventions. (4) Diet and physical activity (PA) are effective interventions in attaining this (25) and have also been linked with reduction in risk independently. (40) The primary focus of this paper will look at diet and review the evidence on whether diet alone can help to prevent T2D. As a secondary theme it will also look at the evidence that diet can help to prevent the development of and help to control symptoms after T2D has been diagnosed. 8 papers will reviewed, (26-33) with a purpose of identifying some practical, evidence based dietary guidelines. Dietary guidelines are easier to follow when they indicate specific foods and patterns rather than nutrients and properties of foods and greater compliance can be achieved . (29,31) For this reason the studies reviewed focus on specific foods and diet styles rather than macronutrients and or micronutrients which do not translate into dietary guidelines as easily. Literature Search A literature review using the following databases was carried out; Pubmed, Web of Science, Embase, CINAHL, British Nursing Index and Medline. The following keywords were used in various combinations; Diet, prevention, food, T2D, interventions, dietary, fruit, vegetables, nutrition. Other resources such as ‘Google scholar’ and NHS Choices ‘behind the headlines’ were also utilised. Because T2D is an international issue, papers from around the world were considered. The criteria for inclusion was less than 10 years old, the intervention had to be a specific food group or diet style, measuring new incidents of T2D, or changes is symptoms associated with T2D and adults as the sample group. Diet as a tool to prevent T2D 6 Studies looked at whether diet can prevent T2D. Please refer to Table 1 for details of all the studies. Villegas et al (26) and Bazzano et al (27) looked at fruit, vegetable and fruit juices consumption and fruit and vegetable consumption respectively. Both of the studies used women only in their sample groups, limiting the generalizability of the findings to the wider population. (5) Dietary assessment was achieved through Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQ) in both studies. Villegas et al (26) provided evidence of their FFQ having been validated, (21) however reported using it only 3 times within a 4.6 year timeframe, questioning the accuracy of their collected data. Bazzano et al (27) data collection was retrospective in that the FFQ was designed in 1984 and followed up at 4 year intervals. The concern with such a dated questionnaire is that it has not accounted for different trends that have occurred over time, affecting the accuracy of the results. Villegas et al (26) confirmed incidence of T2D through subjects meeting the criteria set out by the American Diabetic Association.(2) Bazzano et al (27) used criteria set out by National Diabetes Data Group for all participants up to and including 1997.(16) The Criteria for participants after 1998 was set out by the American Diabetic Association. The reason for this was due to new criteria being published at this time. (2) The main difference being the plasma glucose reading changing from 7.8mmol/l or more to 7.0mmol/l or more. (9) The Criteria Set out by the World Health Organisation in 1985, (24) could have been used to confirm incidence of T2D in the Bazzano et al (27) study . It was published 1 year after baseline data was taken and would have resulted in a higher percentage of participants being diagnosed with the same criteria, increasing consistency and reliability in the results. Villegas et al (26) reported that a higher consumption of vegetables was associated with a reduced risk of T2D. Participants who had a higher vegetable intake were also less likely to smoke and have higher levels of PA, both factors that can reduce the risk of T2D questioning the causality of the reduction in risk. (4) Participants with a higher fruit intake were also less likely to smoke and have higher levels of PA. There was no association made between fruit intake and risk of T2D therefore it is possible to consider that confounders like PA and smoking may not have effected the level of risk to T2D in this study. Bazzano et al (27) reported an inverse association between whole fruit and green leafy vegetable intake. Women who had a higher intake of fruit and vegetables were older, less likely to smoke and more likely to have higher levels of PA. Fruit Juice was positively associated with incidence of T2D which could be due to high sugar content.. (22) Also participants who had the highest fruit juice intake had the lowest levels of PA which is associated with increased risk of T2D. (20)Salas-Salvado et al (28) and Martinez-Gonzalez et al (29) both studied the risk of T2D and adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet). A MedDiet is characterised by high consumption of fruit, vegetables, whole grains, olive oil, nuts, pulses, fish and reduced consumption of red and processed meats, high fat dairy refined gains and foods high in sugar and starch. (11) Salas-Salvado et al (28) compared adherence to a MedDiet supplemented with either olive oil or nuts with a low fat diet (control group). The supplemented items in the MedDiets were given to participants. Participants in the control group were given non dietary gifts to encourage adherence. There are concerns about the ethics of using incentives and gifts in research. (6)Within this study the use of gifts appears innocuous, the concern lies with how adherence to the diet is reliably measured. When participants are given vital ingredients, this will influence their dietary intake, making it difficult generalize the results. (13) The sample population in this study were older and had at least 3 risk factors relating to cardiovascular disease again making it more difficult to generalise results. Participants were given 7 goals, including;  increasing vegetable and fruit consumption, reducing red and processed meat and increasing the consumption of either olive oils or nuts. The control group were asked to reduce all types of fat. Results showed that participants in the MedDiet groups had a greater reduced risk of T2D. Risk was reduced by 51% in the olive oil group and 52% in the nut group. These findings are backed up by other studies. (38-39) Diabetes incidence was lower in those who attained ≠¥ 4 of the 7 goals. PA levels and changes in weight did not differ through all 3 groups, although the participants in the both the MedDiet groups were associated with higher levels of PA. This study was carried out on Spanish participants, who traditionally follow a MedDiet. The control group may have had a strong adherence to a MedDiet naturally, which could impact on the reliability of the results. Martinez-Gonzalez et al (29) used participants who were nurses and university graduates. Prevalence in T2D is associated with lower socioeconomic status, (1) so by using the participants from a higher socioeconomic group may bias the findings. (13) Participants were not excluded if they had Diabetes at baseline. Data was collected via FFQ which consisted of 136 items with 9 responses ranging from never to more than 6 times a day. Points were allocated to determine a score indicating level of adherence. Questions covered areas such as cooking methods, supplements and fats and oils. This FFQ goes into a lot of detail to obtain the most information it can about participants diets, increasing the validity of the data. However reliability is compromised as participants are asked to recall food intake from the previous year decreasing the accuracy of data collected. (5) The results indicated a significant reduction in risk of developing T2D in those who with strong adherence to the MedDiet after adjustment for age and sex. Participants with a score of ≠¥ 6 had an 83% reduction. Although participants in this group had the highest levels of physical activity, which is a known factor in decreasing the risk of T2D, they also had a higher baseline prevalence for increased risk factors for Diabetes such as age higher BMI and higher blood pressure. This adds weight to the findings the MedDiet can reduce the risk of developing T2D. Fung et al (30) and VanDam et al (31) looked at more generalised dietary  patterns. VanDam et al (31) used a 131 item FFQ specifying specific foods, portion sizes and frequency of intake. Over a space of 12 years data on food intake was collected 3 times. In order to make these results more reliable data collection should have occurred more frequently. The participants were all male health professionals making the sample group quite specific reducing the ability to generalise the findings to the wider population. (13) Foods were classified into groups based on nutritional profiles. Factor analysis was then applied in order to identify food patterns. Two dietary patterns were identified Prudent and Western. Prudent was characterised by high consumption of vegetables, fish and whole grains and Western by high consumption of red and processed meat, high-fat dairy and eggs. Men with higher Western patterns were younger, more likely to smoke and did less PA. Men with higher Prudent diet patterns were older less likely to smoke and engaged in more PA. The Prudent diet was associated with a modest reduction in risk in developing T2D with wholegrain foods having the highest inverse association. Fruit and vegetables were not considerably associated with reduced risk. The Western diet was associated with considerably higher risk of developing T2D. Processed meat, other processed foods and refined grains indicating the most significant association. This could indicate that cutting out specific foods could me more beneficial in reducing the risk of T2D than increasing intake of other foods. Fung et al (30) used participants from the Nurses Health Study which was established in 1976. This is the same study from which Bazzano et al (27) took their participants. The same FFQ was used in this study with baseline also being the 1984 FFQ as this was the expanded 116 item version. The information obtained was then used and classified in the same way as the VanDam et al (31) study producing the same Prudent and Western dietary patterns. The results from this study focus mainly on the Western diet pattern. Similarly to the men in the VanDam et al (31) study, women who scored high in the Western diet pattern were more likely to smoke. The results also mirrored that of the VanDam et al (31) study in that it reported an increased risk of developing T2D and a Western diet pattern. This study investigated the characteristics of the Western dietary pattern further and found positive associations between red and processed meats and  the development of T2D. This could also add weight to the previous comment that cutting out specific foods, such as red and processed meats could be more beneficial than adding other food groups in preventing T2D. A replica study using the same FFQ and Prudent and Western diet pattern and using a sample group that consisted of both men and women could add strength to the finds of both of these studies.(5) Diet as a tool in preventing the development of and giving greater control over the symptoms of T2D Elhayany et al (32) compared a low carbohydrate Mediterranean diet (LCM) a traditional Mediterranean diet (TM) and the 2003 American Diabetic Association diet (ADA) on health parameters. Glycemic control for people with T2D diagnosis was one of the outcome measures. Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 groups, given recommendations for daily intake on nutritional elements such as calories and protein and advised to engage in 30-45 minutes of PA a week. The LCM and TM diets included only low glycemic index carbohydrates, with LCM having a lower %. The TM and ADA diets had the same % of carbohydrates but the ADA also included mixed glycemic index carbohydrates. FFQ were used asking the participants to recall the last 24hour food intake. It is felt this data will be more accurate than those studies asking participants to recall food intake from the previous year, making results more reliable. Data was collected 3 times over a 12 month period. Results showed all groups had reduced weight and BMI with no significant difference. All 3 dietary interventions reduced factors that increase glycemic control such as HbA1c and triglyceride levels. The LCM diet was the most effective in increasing glycemic control. Esposito et al (33) compared a LCM and a low fat calorie restricted diet (LFD) on glycemic control and the delay on needing to commence antihyperglycemic medication in people newly diagnosed with T2D. The LCM diet was rich in fruit vegetables and whole grains and low in red meat. There was also a requirement that no more than 50% of calories was from  carbohydrates. Complex carbohydrates rather than low GI carbohydrates were stipulated. Some complex carbohydrates can have high GI levels, which are associated with increased risk of Diabetes. (10) The LFD was based on American Heart Association guidelines. (12) Participants were randomized into 1 of 2 groups asked to keep food diaries and given guidelines on increasing physical activity. Data was collected through reviews of the diary. Food diaries could provide more reliable information than FFQ if they are filled out daily. There is still a risk that they could be filled out inaccurately, and that participants may modifies their intake as a result of keeping a diary. The study reported that both groups lost weight, but reduction was greater in the LCM. Overall there was a significant difference in the need to commence antihyperglycemic medication between the LCM and the LFD; 44% and 70% respectively. Potentially this result could have shown more significance if low GI carbohydrates were stipulated instead of complex carbohydrates. Discussion The findings coming out of this review indicate that certain dietary interventions maybe helpful in reducing the risk of developing T2D and may also help with glycemic control after diagnosis.(26-33) Some food groups and dietary patterns provide more consistent evidence than others. The results regarding fruit intake and risk of T2D are inconsistent within this review with Villegas et al (26) reporting no association between fruit and risk reduction, where as Bazzano et al (27) did. High consumption of fruit and vegetables are a major component in the Mediterranean diet and the Prudent dietary pattern, both of which were associated with an inverse association. Vegetables are more consistently associated with a reduced risk, in this review and a recent meta-analysis, (3) particularly green leafy vegetables. (27) More research studying the effects of fruit and vegetables separately is needed. This inconsistency is reflected in other studies and systematic reviews. (7) High intake of fr uit and vegetables has often been associated with higher PA levels within this review, (26-29,31) which is a risk reducing factor in itself. Part of the problem could be that many studies that look at dietary interventions are prospective cohort studies and  although they can provide an association they can not prove whether the cause is due to the dietary item or another factor such as PA or weight loss. More experimental designed research is needed so that a direct cause between diet and the reduction of T2D can be established. (13) While it is unclear the exact role that fruit and vegetables play in reducing the risk of T2D there is an abundance of evidence that a diet rich in fruit and vegetables is beneficial in overall health (34-35) and weight reduction, (23) so including them as part of a healthy diet may indirectly help to reduce the risk of T2D. Red and processed meat has been more consistent in its positive association to developing T2D. Fung et al (28) and VanDam et al (29) found strong associations between consumption and increased risk of T2D. One of the characteristics of The Mediterranean diet is the absence or reduction of red and processed meats, and this diet has been associated with reduced risk. These findings were backed up in a recent meta-analysis paper (18) studying 3 cohorts whos conclusion suggests that red meat consumption, particularly processed red meat is linked to higher risk of developing T2D. Meta-analysis produces level 1 evidence, providing increased confidence in the conclusions and good grounding for providing evidence based information such as dietary guidelines.(13) Diets high in red and processed meats are linked to high cholesterol (14) which is one of the leading causes of death in people with T2D (15) and other serious health conditions such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. (36) So while increasing fruit and vegetable intake may have a more beneficial and holistic effect on health, the same could be said for reducing the intake of red and processed. Salas-Salvado et al (28) produced higher level evidence being a randomised control trial giving more weight to their findings;(5) following a MedDiet can reduce the risk of T2D. One of the studies that looked at the effect of diet after diagnosis, (32) was also a randomised control trial providing the same level of evidence and weight to their findings that LCM can delay the need for hyperglycaemic medication therefore having a positive beneficial effect on T2D. Although these two studies looked at the effect of diet after diagnosis it could be reasonable to suggest that following the dietary  patterns associated with these findings, prior to diagnosis could help prevent T2D as they are similar dietary patterns to two of the other studies.(28-29) While the findings from this review indicate that making changes to ones diet may help to reduce the risk of Diabetes occurring, it also suggests that implementing the same kind of dietary changes may help with glucose control after Diabetes has been diagnosed, preventing the further development of the disease and the need for antihyperglycemic medication. (32-33) One study has implied that dietary changes in the form of energy restriction can actually reverse beta cell failure and insulin resistance, symptoms found in T2D. (37) It is a very small study and the dietary intervention is severe energy restriction making it difficult to generalise to the wider population, but it is a controlled study and could provide interesting findings that further research could be built upon, that dietary interventions may be able to reverse the symptoms of T2D. Collating this information together it seems reasonable to suggest that making positive changes to dietary habits could have benefits pre and post T2D diagnosis. Dietary Guidelines The findings from the 8 studies in this review can not all be discussed in detail due to word limitation. However recurring themes seem to be occurring, providing information on which to base a set of guidelines. Going by these findings the following guidelines are recommended: Reduce intake of red meat and processed meat (all colours) Substitute these with white meats and fish Reduce intake of other processed foods Reduce intake of refined grains Reduce intake of high sugar foods and drinks including fruit juices Carbohydrate intake should be based on items with a low GI score Increase intake of olive oil Increase nut intake Increase intake of pulses Increase wholegrain intake Increase vegetable intake especially green leafy vegetables Increase fruit intake A Mediterranean style diet is characterised by much of this advise and is therefore a recommended diet style to follow. Conclusion The prevalence of T2D is growing around the world. It has been associated with many other health problems and reduces quality of life and life expectancy. It is a preventable disease and diet is one of the ways in which this disease can be combated. Dietary guidelines have been recommended from the findings of this review, based on following a Mediterranean diet, reducing intake of red and processed meats and other processed foods and increasing intake of foods such as fruit and vegetables, wholegrains and olive oils and nuts. While it has been acknowledged that more research needs to be carried out to further examine the cause and effect between diet and T2D, it is reasonable to suggest that one may find these dietary changes beneficial in helping to reduce the risk of T2D and other areas of health, possibly helping to indirectly reduce risk of T2D. It is also reasonable to suggest that a change in diet may bring beneficial changes once diagnosis has been given. Table 1 Reference list 1. Agardh E, Allenbeck P, Hallqvist J, Moadi T and Sidorchuk A. Type 2 Diabetes and Socioeconomic Position: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2011: 40(3) 804-818 2. American Diabetic Association Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2000: 23(1s) 3. Carter P, Gray LJ, Troughton J, Khunti K, and Davies M. Fruit and vegetable intake and incidence of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. British Medical Journal. 2010: 341:c4229 4. Davis MJ, Tringham JR, Troughton J, Kunit KK. Prevention of T2D mellitus. A review of the Evidence and its Application in a UK Setting. Diabetic Medicine. 2004: 21: 403-414 5. Gerrish K and Lacey A. The Research Process in Nursing. 2006 5th Edition. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 6. Grant RW and Sugarman J. Ethics in Human Subjects Research: Do Incentives Matter? Journal of Medicine and Philosophy. 2004: 29(6) 717-738 7. Hamer M, Chida Y. Intake of Fruit and Vegetables and Antioxidants and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Journal of Hypertension. 2007: 25:2361-2369 8. Hensrud DD. Dietary Treatment and Long-term Weight Loss and Maintenance in T2D. Obesity Research. 2001:9(4 supplement):348S-353S 9. Hickner RC, Brunson MA, McCammon M, Mahar MT, Garry JP, Houmard JA. Diabetic Groups as Defined by ADA and NDDG Criteria have a Similar Aerobic Capacity, Blood Pressure and Body Composition. American Diabetes Association and National Diabetes Data Group. Diabetologica. 2001: Jan 44(1) 26-32 10. Hodge AM, ODea K, English DR, and Giles GG. Glycemic Index and Dietary Fibre and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004: 27(11) 2701-2706 11. Kastorini MC, Milionis HJ, Esposito K, Giugliano D, Goudevenos JA,Panagiotakos. The Effect of Mediterranean Diet on Metabolic Syndrome and its Components. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2011: 57(11) 1299-1313 12. Krauss RM, Eckle RH, Howard B, Appel LJ, Daniels SR, and Deckelbaum RJ. AHA Dietary Guidelines: Revision 2000: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2002: 102:2284-99 13. LoBiondo-Wood G. and Haber J. Nursing Research. Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence Based Practice. 2006: 6th Edition. Mosby: Missouri 14. Micha R, Wallace SK, and Mozaffarian MD. Epidemiology and Prevention. Red and Processed Meat Consumption and Risk of Incident Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke and Diabetes Mellitus. A systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. American Heart Association. 2010: 121 2271-2283 15. Heart Disease and Stroke: The Nations leading Killers. At a Glance National Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Division for Heart Disease and Stroke prevention. 2011: CS217229-AI 16. National Diabetes Data Group Classifications and Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus and Other Categories of Glucose Intolerance. Diabetes. 1979: 28 1039-1057 17. Neild L, Summerbell CD, Hooper L, Whittaker V, Moore H. Dietary Advice for the Prevention of T2D Mellitus in Adults (Review) The Cochrane Collaboration. 2008: Wiley 18. Pan A, Sun Q, Bernstein AM, Schulze MB, Manson JE, Willett WC and Hu FB. Red Meat Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: 3 Cohorts of US Adults and an Updated Meta-analysis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2011: 94(4) 1088-1096 19. Shaw JE, Sicree RA, Zimmet PZ. Global Estimates of the Prevalence of Diabetes for 2010 and 2030. Diabetes Research in Clinical Practice. 2010:87:4-14 20. Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Wasserman DH, Castaneda-Sceppa C and White RD. Physical Activity/Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes. A Consensus Statement from the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2006: 29(6) 1433-1438 21. Shu XO, Yang G, Jin F, Liu D, Kushi L, Wen W, Gao YT, Zheng W. Validity and Reproducibility of the Food Frequency Questionnaire Used in the Shanghai Women’s Health Study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2004:58:17–23 22. Shulze MB, Manson JE, Ludwig DS, Colditz GA, Stampfer MD, Willet WC, and Hu FB. Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, Weight Gain, and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Young and Middle-Aged Women. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2004: 292(8):927-934 23. Tohill B, Seymour J, Serdula M, Kettle-Khan L, and Rolls BJ. What Epidemiological Studies Tell Us about the Relationship between Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Body Weight. Nutrition Reviews. 2004: 365 -374 24. WHO Study Group on Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Mellitus: Report of a WHO Study Group. Geneva: World Health Organisation: 1985 25. NICE Public Health Guidance. Preventing Type 2 Diabetes: Population and Community Interventions. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. 2011: Issue 35 26. Villagers R, Shu OX, Gao YT, Yang G, Elasy T, Li H and Zheng W. Vegetable but Not Fruit Consumption Reduces the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Chinese Women. The Journal of Nutrition. 2008: 138 574-580 27. Bazzano LA, Kamudi JJ, Hu FB, and Li TY. Intake of Fruit, Vegetables and Fruit Juices and Risk of Diabetes in Women. Diabetes Care. 2008: 31(7) 1311-1317 28. Salas-Salvado J, Bullo M, Babio N, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Jurado NI, Basora J, Estruch R, Covas MI, Corella D, Aros F, Gutierrez VR, and Ros E. Reduction in the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes With the Mediterranean Diet. Diabetes Care. 2011. 34:14-19 29. Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Fuente-Arrillaga CDL, Nunez-Cordoba JM, Basterra-Gotari FJ, Beunza JJ, Vazquez Z, Benito S, Tortosa A and Bes-Rasrollo M. Adherence to Mediterranean Diet and Risk of Developing Diabetes: Prospective Cohort Study. British Medical Journal. 2008: 336:1351 30. Fung TT, Schulze M, Manson JE, Willet WC, and Hu FB. Dietary Patterns, Meat Intake and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women. Archives of International Medicine. 2004:164:2235-2240 31. VanDam RM, Rimm EB, Willet WC, Stampfer MJ and Hu FB. Dietary Patterns and Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in US Men. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2002:136: 201-209 32. Elhayany A, Lustman A, Abel R, Attal-Singer J and Vinker S. A Low Carborhydrate Mediterranean Diet Improves Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Diabetes Control Among Overweight Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A 1-year Prospective randomized intervention Study. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2010: 12:204-209 33. Esposito K, Maiorino IM, Ciotola M, Palo CD, Scognamiglio P, Gicchino M, Petrizzo M, Saccomanno F, Beneduce F, Ceriello A and Guigliano D. Effects of a Mediterranean-Style Diet on the Need for Antihyperglycemic Drug Therapy in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2009: 151: 306-314 34. Van Duyn MAS and Pivonka E. Over view of the health benefits of fruit and vegetable consumption for the Dietetics Professional. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2000: 100(12) 1511-1521 35. 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The Anatomy Of A Pigs Heart Physical Education Essay

The Anatomy Of A Pigs Heart Physical Education Essay The aim of this experiment was to understand the external and internal structures by dissecting a pigs heart, drawing and labelling the structures. Introduction A pigs heart is covered by the thin membrane or pericardium. Myocardium exists as the muscle located below the pericardium. Most of the myocardium in the lower two chambers of the heart called ventricles (Lane, 2010a). A pigs heart has four chambers which include left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium and right ventricle (Lane, 2010a). Atrium and ventricle are separated by valves. In the entrance of the left ventricle has bicuspid valve which controls the blood flows from the left atrium to the left ventricle during diastole (Lane, 2010a). While in the entrance of the right ventricle has tricuspid valve which allows blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle. The function of valves is to make the blood only moving from atrium to ventricle and avoid regurgitation. (Lane, 2010a). There are some blood vessels have a significant influence on transferring the blood (Lane, 2010a). Coronary artery which lies in the groove on the front of heart carries flesh blood to the heart muscle to receive oxygen and nutrients (Lane, 2010a). Pulmonary artery which lies out of the right ventricle supplies blood with oxygen to the lungs (Lane, 2010a). Aorta which is the major vessel located near the right atria provides blood to the upper body (Lane, 2010a). Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium (Lane, 2010a). Inferior and Superior Vena Cava which are located on left of the heart and link to the right atrium, supplies deoxygenated blood to the right receiving chamber (Lane, 2010a). Blood flows through the pig heart are similar with a humans. Deoxygenated blood moving from the superior and inferior vena cava (see Figure 1) into the right atrium which has a very low pressure (Gisbornesc, 2010). During diastole which indicates the relaxation phase, the right ventricles pressure drops down almost zero. There is a pressure gradient between the right atrium and ventricle, leading to the blood flow into the right ventricle (Gisbornesc, 2010). When the ventricle fills, the blood goes through the tricuspid valve. During systole (the contracting phase) the ventricle begins to contract, the intraventricular pressure is increased which causes the tricuspid valve to close while the pulmonary valve open (Gisbornesc, 2010). And then blood moves out of the ventricle via the pulmonary artery to the lungs (Gisbornesc, 2010). When the ventricle relaxes, intraventricular pressure drops below the pressure in the pulmonary artery, as a result, the pulmonary valve close. In this case , blood returns to the right side of the heart and is pumped back to the lungs for gas exchange (Gisbornesc, 2010). Figure 1(Biologymad, 2010) shows the blood flow within the heart. Figure 1 (Biologymad, 2010): The Blood Flow within Heart The function of a heart is to promote blood flowing to organs and tissues, providing enough blood, oxygen and various nutrients while taking away the metabolic products such as carbon dioxide, urea and uric acid. This process maintains the normal function and metabolism of the cells within the body. Method Observations Material Fresh pig heart Scalpels Container for heart Scissors Forceps Cutting board Equipment Several blank A4 sheets Pens HB pencils Erasers Rulers Sharpeners Procedure-External Anatomy A heart was placed in a dissecting pan. The size of this heart was moderate; the colour of this heart was pink and it was a little smelly. The heart was examined and the thin membrane or pericardium that still covers the heart was located. The pericardium was removed carefully. The pericardium was too thin to remove. The tip of the heart or the apex was located. The left ventricle extended all the way to the apex. The heart was placed in the dissecting pan. The major blood vessels were on the top and the apex was down. There was a groove that extended from the right side of the board end of the heart. The heart was in the pan in the position and faced my body. The left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium and right ventricle were located from this surface. Four chambers were observed unclearly, but still could be identified. While the heart was still in this position in the dissecting pan, the coronary artery, pulmonary artery, aorta, pulmonary veins and inferior superior vena cava were located at the broad end of the heart. Aorta, pulmonary artery and pulmonary veins inferior superior vena cava were observed clearly, but coronary artery was not found. A fully labelled diagram of the front heart was drawn. Figure 2 is attached. 8. A fully labelled diagram showing the back side of heart was drew. Figure 3 is attached. Procedure- Internal Anatomy The side of the pulmonary artery was cut through and continue cutting down into the wall of the right ventricle using the scissors. Cut deep enough to go through the wall of the heart chamber. (The cutting line was above parallel to the groove of the coronary artery) The heart was pushed open at the cut to examine the internal structure with fingers. There was a dried blood inside the chambers, the heart was rinsed out. The right atrium was located. The thinner muscular wall of this receiving chamber was measured by ruler. The right atrium was about 5-10 mm and very smooth. A fully labelled diagram showing the internal of right atrium was draw. Figure 4 is attached. The inferior superior vena cava enter this chamber were founded. The lack of valves was noticed. The inferior superior vena cava was easy to found. The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle was located, which is called tricuspid valve. This valve consisted of three leaflets and had long fibbers of connective tissue. The thickness of the right ventricle and its smooth was felt by fingers. The network of irregular muscular cords was noticed on the inner wall of this chamber. The right ventricle was about 20mm and very smooth. The septum was found on the right side of the right ventricle. The septum was thick which separated the right and left ventricles from each other. The pulmonary artery was located inside the right ventricle. The one-way valve called the pulmonary valve was found. A fully labelled diagram showing the back side of heart was drew. Figure 3 is attached. The heart was continued to cut open using scissors. A cut was started on the outside of the left atrium downward into the left ventricle cutting toward the apex to the septum at the centre groove. The heart was pushed open at this cut with fingers any dried blood was rinsed out with water. The heart was difficult to cut downward into the left ventricle because the knife was not sharp. The left atrium was examined. The openings of the pulmonary veins were found from the lungs. The pulmonary veins were hard to observe. Bicuspid valve was looked for inside left atrium. This valve consisted of two leaflets. The left ventricle was examined. The thickness of the ventricular wall was noticed. The left ventricle was found and the thickness of the ventricular was about 20mm. The left ventricle was cut across the left ventricle toward the aorta continues cutting to expose the valve using scissors. The three flaps or leaflets were counted on this valve called aortic valve. This valve had half-moon shape. Notes to all the diagrams were added relating the labelled structures to their functions. Results Figure 2 shows the front view of heart. In this figure, the aorta is clearly visible at the top, with left and right atrium on either side, while the ventricles are in the bottom. This figure also shows the aortic and pulmonary arteries as well as the pulmonary veins and superior vena cava. 2. Figure 3 shows the back side of heart. In this figure, the superior vena cava and aorta can be seen. 3. Figure 4 shows the internal view of the right side. In this figure, the tricuspid valve can be seen and the right ventricular outflow tract which includes the pulmonary artery. 4. Figure 5 shows the internal view of the left side In this figure, the bicuspid valve and aorta can be seen. Discussion Possible errors may have arisen during this experiment. Firstly, the heart was cut difficultly, because the equipment given was not sharp enough. Secondly, some blood vessels can not be found such as coronary artery, because the pigs heart was not fresh enough, may be damaged by the butcher. Thirdly, human errors may lead to the results not precise. For instance, when cut deeply to go through the wall of the heart chamber, the cutting line was not parallel to the groove of the coronary, as a result, the chamber can not observed carefully. A future experiment should be improved in following ways. Firstly, the equipments should be given sharp enough in order to cut the heart efficiently according to the instruction. Secondly, the pig heart should be provided fresh enough and completely. In this case, all the organs can be observed and described. Finally, when cutting line is required parallel, it is better to use the ruler to measure. Conclusion In conclusion, after doing the experiment, the external and internal structure was examined. A pigs heart is four chambered pump which includes left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium and right ventricle. Valves, which separate atrium and ventricle, prevent blood from flowing backwards. A pig has double system which can make blood circulate the whole body via the vessels.

Carnal Knowledge by Boyle Essay -- Carnal Knowledge Boyle Essays Paper

Carnal Knowledge by Boyle In the story â€Å"Carnal Knowledge†, by T. Coraghessan Boyle, Jim is the main character who loves to eat meat. He would love nothing more than to enjoy a dinner of â€Å"Beef, mutton, pork, venison, dripping burgers, and greasy ribs†. (1107) However, Jim’s cravings for â€Å"Kentucky Fried or Chicken McNuggets† were no match for Alena Jorgensen. (1108) Alena is an obsessive animal rights activist whom Jim met while laying on the beach feeling sorry for himself. When a person has feelings of depression and loneliness it can be very easy for another person to come into their life and change their whole persona. Jim had just turned 30 and was feeling depressed for not having anyone in his life. After dozing on the beach awhile Jim awoke to an â€Å"unmistakable odor†, he’d been pissed on.(1108) He first heard Alena’s voice after cursing the dog. Alena is a very attractive girl and Jim fell for her immediately. Alena and Jim left the beach to go clean the piss off his clothes at Alena’s house. While waiting for the clothes to dry, they began a conversation about animal rights. Animal rights are a huge issue in Alena’s life. Jim never paid much attention to the issue but because of Alena’s beauty and kindness he was willing to listen. Jim’s feeling of loneliness has a big impact on his view of Alena. If Jim met another girl that day on the beach, and who was not as attractive he would have acted very different. Jim was very vulnerable at that moment and needed som... Carnal Knowledge by Boyle Essay -- Carnal Knowledge Boyle Essays Paper Carnal Knowledge by Boyle In the story â€Å"Carnal Knowledge†, by T. Coraghessan Boyle, Jim is the main character who loves to eat meat. He would love nothing more than to enjoy a dinner of â€Å"Beef, mutton, pork, venison, dripping burgers, and greasy ribs†. (1107) However, Jim’s cravings for â€Å"Kentucky Fried or Chicken McNuggets† were no match for Alena Jorgensen. (1108) Alena is an obsessive animal rights activist whom Jim met while laying on the beach feeling sorry for himself. When a person has feelings of depression and loneliness it can be very easy for another person to come into their life and change their whole persona. Jim had just turned 30 and was feeling depressed for not having anyone in his life. After dozing on the beach awhile Jim awoke to an â€Å"unmistakable odor†, he’d been pissed on.(1108) He first heard Alena’s voice after cursing the dog. Alena is a very attractive girl and Jim fell for her immediately. Alena and Jim left the beach to go clean the piss off his clothes at Alena’s house. While waiting for the clothes to dry, they began a conversation about animal rights. Animal rights are a huge issue in Alena’s life. Jim never paid much attention to the issue but because of Alena’s beauty and kindness he was willing to listen. Jim’s feeling of loneliness has a big impact on his view of Alena. If Jim met another girl that day on the beach, and who was not as attractive he would have acted very different. Jim was very vulnerable at that moment and needed som...

Christianity Essay -- essays research papers fc

Christianity, Islam, and Judaism: Perspective on Fasting One of the longest established disciplines of the human body is that of fasting. Fasting is abstaining from food, drink, sleep or sex to focus on a period of spiritual growth(www.alinaam.org.za).Fasting has also been used in nearly every religion in the world, including Christianity, Islam, and Judaism. Many of history's great spiritual leaders fasted for mental and spiritual clarity, including Jesus, Buddha, and Mohammed. Fasting is an important element in religious practices. Christian Perspective Nowhere in the New Testament is fasting commanded as a binding obligation upon the Christian. However, if one elects to fast it should be nothing less than drawing nearer to God. Even though fasting is not commanded that doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t mean that fasting isnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t recommended as a part of a Christianà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s spiritual growth. Fasting is very important in Christianity. Jesus fasted for 40 days and nights. The Book of Acts records believersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ fasting before they made important decisions (Act 13:4, 14:23). Fasting and prayer are often linked together (Luke 2: 37; 5:33). Although fasting in Scriptures is almost always a fasting from food; there are other ways to fast. Anything you can temporarily give up in order to better focus on God can be considered a fast (1 Cor. 7:1-5). Fasting should be limited to a set time, especially when the fasting is food. The occasions for a fast is total voluntary. Christians fast for different reasons. They fast during difficult times, to express sorrow or regret for sin or to seek guidance from God. Christian also fast to communicate emotion to God. Christian fasting is more than denying he or herself food or something else of the flesh à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s a sacrificial lifestyle before God. In Isaiah 58, a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“true fastà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is not just a one-time act of humility and denial before God; it is a lifestyle of servant ministry to others. Isaiah tells us, fasting encourages humility, loosens the chains of injustice, unties the chords of the yoke, frees the oppressed, feeds the hungry, provides for the poor, and clothes the naked. (Isaiah 58: 1-9). The concept of Christian fasting isnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t a one-day thing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s a lifestyle of servant living for God and others. Jewish Perspective Fasting is a part of the Jewish tradition. Fasting was instituted in Biblical times as a sign of morning, or when... ...d Judaism rely heavily upon law for fasting. They have major fasts based on the Holy Quà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ran and the Torah. Christian fasts are not restricted to commands from the Bible. As a matter of fact, fasting is not required at all. They are encouraged to fast for spiritual growth. If Christians decide to fast, they have individual freedom to choose when and how they fast. Unlike Christians, Muslims and Jews have to fast completely from food. Christians have a choice to fast from whatever keeps them from focusing on God. Even though Islam, Judaism, and Christianity have different perspective on fasting, they all have a common goal to get closer to God. No matter how a fast is carried out, one should never lose sight of the main goal of fasting. Fasting provides an environment for a deeper spiritual life. Bibliography http://www.aish.com Retrieved February 20, 2005. http://www.alinaam.org.za/ramadhaan/freligions.htm Retrieved February 20, 2005. Fisher, Mary Pat (2002). Living Religions, Fifth Edition Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. The Holy Bible, New International Version Grand Rapids, Michigan 1973. http://www.islamworld.net / Retrieved February 26, 2005.

Pain and Passion

Pain and Passion was a strong topic. The class was divided into pairs to take a 50-minute lesson linking with pain and passion. Two drama techniques had to be introduced. After each lesson a five minute debrief took place. We were given two lessons of preparation time and had to work to a time plan. I knew it would take a lot of effort to run a lesson. I chose a topical issue sparking off lots of strong opinions. My lesson was about abortion. I felt it tied in well with pain and passion. The pain being a child's life was at risk due to the night of passion. I wasn't first to lead the class so I listened attentively to what criticism was put forward during the debrief. I learnt from other's mistakes. One of the things I found was that a lesson should be expressed through different scenarios, keeping the class's attention. I set the scene with a young couple, Sarah and Jake, who were in a crisis. The crisis being, should have an abortion or not. The first part of my timeplan was explaining the situation and then asking the class to show, what state of mind Sarah was in. The ideas were to be expressed through stylistic drama using one drama technique or more. In other lessons more time was spent on planning helping to produce good drama pieces from the class. I decided to have more time spent on planning rather than performing. The second part consisted of what if Sarah had the abortion or didn't. In each scenario there had to be a good and bad side. The good side of having or not having the abortion was to be shown through dream sequence and the bad side of having or not having the abortion shown through nightmare sequence. I thought I planned my lesson well considering I was on my own. I wasn't prepared for the lesson I took the class. I had forgotten my watch and my partner was away leaving me to be the teacher. One improvement can be to go over my planning strategies. I relaxed and addressed the class with a BBC accent! The first piece of drama was on Sarah's state of mind. The class planned their pieces quite well but the pieces were short giving me more time. One group had only four people. Many people think more people in a group make a better drama piece. This group proved it wrong. The drama piece was very distinctive. The other groups showed one feeling throughout their drama. This play showed how Sarah was happy at the thought of being a mother and sad at the thought of having a child to bring up. As the teacher I was able to see abortion through other people's eyes. Each student had a major role to play especially Maria as Sarah. It's really hard to change expressions every second but she made it look so easy. Everyone got involved and this boosted my confidence as a teacher to see that they were enjoying the lesson. The other half of the lesson went perfectly. The class had to use the drama techniques I set, dream and nightmare sequence. Everyone performed well due to good planning. Scarlet's group did a nightmare sequence about Sarah's life with a baby. It was a negative outlook on having children. There were strong ideas expressed throughout the play. The audience was able to see how having a baby at a young age was stressing and sometimes left with no financial or emotional support. It was an excellent piece of drama. I think I showed good teaching skills. I was quite patient but I felt it was quite difficult to keep the class quiet even when raising my voice. I went round to see if there were any problems and keeping track of time, which is a vital part of teaching. One of the hardest things was the way I had to address the class. I had to step out of the role of a friend and step in as a teacher. When it came to commenting on a drama piece I had to use ‘excellent' rather than ‘wicked'. The lesson was very packed with things to do and this put off a few students from working. In future I would slow everything down slightly. Apart from that everything went according to plan. Rochelle and Yasmins lesson was very valuable. Rochelle explained everything whilst Yasmin organised the lesson. Yasmin is normally the quieter one but in her lesson she was very confident. Their topic was about war. War is probably what the news is all about. There is so much of it, people are forgetting about those in need. The main theme of the lesson was we should be grateful for how well off we are and think about others before worrying over small problems. The lesson began with a piece about a boy escaping from war to a new area. I took on the main role as the boy. We were playing basketball when I got the ball and everyone was telling me to shoot. We used flashbacks to show how the boy was told in his homeland to kill his own flesh and blood. We were showing the pressures of war. I was very enthusiastic about everything. Next we did hotseating. We questioned people part of the army in Africa. We asked why many boys were forced to go to war. It sparked a lot of debating. Rochelle and Yasmin were good teachers. I enjoyed myself whilst I was learning. They were role models for good teachers. I think being a teacher was a worthwhile experience. Sometimes we forget to realise what teachers do to provide good education. This topic was a good way to see that teaching is not as easy as it may look. It takes a lot of hard work and 100% commitment. Through this topic I have more respect for teachers.